Б. С. Хаймович, Б. И. Роговская теоретическая грамматика английского языка

E. g. How many have you caught? — None as yet.

§ 176. Since Modern English admits of but one negation in a verbal construction ² the negative pronouns serve to build up negative sentences. Her fiance is n о w h e r e to be seen. (Randall). N о girl has died in there to-day. (Priestley).

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2} See "Syntax", § 413.

§ 177. Like the other pronouns in -body, -one, and -thing the negative pronouns distinguish 'person' and 'non-person'.

Neither refers both to animate and inanimate objects (two of them). In neither case can I agree. Both smiled but neither spoke (Heyer).
Nobody — nobody's is a case opposeme of the noun type.

Generalizing Pronouns

§ 178. Here belong such pronouns as all, both, each, either, every and its compounds (everyone, everybody, every­thing, everywhere) which give a generalizing indication of persons, things, properties and circumstances.

This group includes pro-nouns (all, both, each, either, everybody, everyone, everything); pro-adjectives and pro-numerals (every, each, all, both, either); pro-adverb (every­where).
All, everybody, everything, everywhere, both may be said to have an inclusive, uniting meaning as opposed to every, each, either conveying a separating meaning.
Unlike the indefinite and negative pronouns, the gener­alizing pronouns are not attached to any definite type of sentence.

Quantitative Pronouns

§ 179. Here belong much, many, (a) few, (a) little, several, enough, which may function as pro-nouns (much, many, (a) few, several, (a) little, enough); pro-adjectives (much, (a) little, enough); pro-numerals (many, several, (a) few); and pro-adverbs (much, (a) little, enough).

E. g. pro-nouns: M a n у preferred the pianist with his wonderful eyelashes. (Locke).
Enough is as good as a feast.(Proverb).
pro-adjective: I don't see much nonsense when a girl goes and kills herself. (Priestley).
pro-numeral: Many women think so. (Daily Worker).
pro-adverb: He cared but little for being conspicuous.

§ 180. Most quantitative pronouns form opposemes of comparison:

many— more,
few— fewer,
much— more,
little — less,
(the) most
(the) fewest
(the) most
(the) least.

It is characteristic that the quantitative pronouns indi­cating indefinite quentities may have the opposemes of comparison, whereas the numerals indicating definite quanti­ties admit of no comparison.

Contrasting Pronouns

§ 181. Here belong other (others, other's, others'), another (another's) and otherwise.

They are united by the meaning "not the (object, property, circumstance) indicated" and contrast therefore with the demonstrative pronouns:
This, that (book) — another (book)
these, those (books) — other (books)
these, those — others
thus, so — otherwise.
E. g. I don't care for that dress, show me another, something in grey.
Friday won't do. I am dining out. Come some other day.
Not everybody thinks so. You evidently think оtherwise.


Other, others, other's, another, another's are used as pro­nouns, other and another as pro-adjectives, and otherwise as a pro-adverb.
When the pro-noun other denotes inanimate things, it has only a number opposite, others, like nouns of the book type. When it denotes persons, it has also a case opposite, other's, like nouns of the boy type.


In serving others she could forget herself. (Randall).
The о t h e r' s hand shook slightly. (Black).

Another peculiarity of other is its combinability. Like a noun it may be used with the definite article or a demon­strative pronoun, as in Please, tell the others how matters stand. (Galsworthy).

Sheila: You are pretending everything is just as it was before.
Eric: I am not, Sheila, but these others are. (Priest­ley).

§ 182. The pronoun one stands somewhat apart, outside the classification discussed above.

We may speak of at least three variants of this pronoun: 1) an indefinite pronoun, 2) an indefinite personal or gener­alizing personal pronoun, 3) a prop-word.

§ 183. As an indefinite pronoun it is usually a pro-adjec­tive with the meaning "a certain" and refers to both living beings and inanimate things.

E. g. She married one Mr. Maitland. (Maxwell). One day an old man came to see me.

It has no grammatical opposites.

§ 184. As an indefinite or generalizing personal pronoun one indicates only a person. It is a pro-noun. It has a case oppo­site one's and is correlated with the reflexive pronoun oneself.

In certain sentences the pronoun one may acquire the generalizing meaning of 'everyone' including the speaker.
E.g. One must do о n e' s duty. To the best of о п e's capacity one plans the next day. (Snaith).

In other cases one indicates 'an indefinite person', 'some person', 'any person', 'a person', etc., usually including the speaker.

One couldn't be excited about a person who looked so shy. (Williamson).
Sometimes one serves to disguise the speaker, as in О п e just can't throw о п e' s self-respect to the dogs because of this sandy-haired boy. (Williamson).

§ 185. The prop-word one (or substituting one) is a pro­noun used anaphorically, i. e. to replace some antecedent, a noun (or a noun combination) previously mentioned, as in The work is a remarkable one. (Galsworthy). One, naturally, assumes the meaning of its antecedent.

It replaces, as a rule, countable nouns, both those de­noting living beings and those naming inanimate things.
She is a woman too, she looks a rather nice one. (Randall).
And she has a nice figure, a really nice one. (Randall).
It has a number opposite ones: Let me have some pens — I'd like new ones.
The prop-word one may be preceded by the definite and the indefinite articles, the demonstrative pronouns, adjec­tives, nouns, numerals, participles, etc., like nouns, not pro­nouns.
My new dress, the nylon one, is a dream. (Daily Worker). This story, and it is a good and exciting one, will be a roaring success. (Daily Worker).
The function of one is often purely structural, to support the preceding adjective or to show that the preceding word is used attributively. Cf. the silk and the silk one.
Look at those bindings, absolutely tattered. It is time we had new ones.

§ 186. Summing up, we may say that the pronouns are hot united by any morphological categories, or syntactical functions. So they cannot be regarded as a part of speech.

On the other hand they constitute a separate class of words with peculiar meanings and references to the world of reality.
All of them are of double nature, as they combine their peculiar meanings with certain properties of definite parts of speech (nouns, adjectives, numerals, adverbs).
The drawing below gives an idea of this

nouns	pronouns
adjectives
numerals
adverbs