Based pronunciation standards of English

23)Spread of English.
Over 300 million people speak English as 1^st language. It is the national language of GB, USA,Australia, Canada, New Zeland.English was originally spoken in Eng and Scotland. Than it was introduced to the greater part of Scotland and Southern Ireland. In the 17^th -18^th cent it was brought to Northern America. Later in 18^th – 19^th cent Eng was exported to Australia, New Zealand, South Africa owing to colonial expansion. A flow of emigrants who went to invade, explore, inhabit those lands was mostly from Southern parts of Eng. The Eng language became wide-spread in Wales at the same time Welsh Eng is very similar to southern Eng, although the influence of Welsh has played a role information. Then in 20^th cent American Eng began to spread in Canada, Latin America, Bermudas and other parts of the world. Nowadays 2 types of Eng are spoken in the Eng-speaking world. They are : 1. Eng-Eng (based group) – English English, Welsh Eng, Australian Eng, New Zealand Eng. 2. American –Eng (based group) – United states Eng, Canadian Eng.
24)English-based pronunciation standards of English.
Roughly speaking the non-RP accents of England may be groups into South and North dialects. The main differences between them are:
In vowels: presence or absence of particular phonemes:
a)[^]- doesn’t occur in north accents [bl^d]-S, [blvd]-N
Have u: instead of v [bu:k]book
b) in N: [aa] instead of [a:] before [f, th, s] and cons clusters beginning [n] [m]
path [pa:th]-S, [path]-N
in S [a:] instead of [aa] bad [baad] –RP,[ba:d]-S
c) final [i:]: N: [i] [siti], S [i:] [siti:]
In consonants:
1.rhotic/non-rhotic accents (r-full/r-less). If it is written the sound is post-vocalic (Scotland, Ireland, s-w England)
2. glottal stop. In most regional accents it is more widely used than in RP, esp n-e of Engl, East Anglia, Nothern Ireland, the glottal stop may be pronounced simultaneously with voiceless [ptk], esp between vowels
3. use [n] in –ing instead of [ng] – in western central area of England- Birmingham, Manchester and Liverpool –pronounce [ng]
4. j-dropping. In most accents is dropped after [t,sh]- student. In parts of north even after [th]- enthusiasm. In large areas of Eastern England [j] is lost after every cons, esp in London.
Southern English accents.
Educated southern speech is very much near RP accent, whereas non-standard accents are very near Cockney- the sp of working class areas of the Great London.
Vowels: 1. [^]→aai blood [bl^d- blaaid]. 2. [aa]→e/ei bag [beig]. 3. [i] in word final position [i:] [siti:]. 4. [ei]→[aai]/[ai] lady [laaidi:]. 5. RP[ev] soaked [saaukt]
Consonants: 1. [h] in unstressed is almost abscent. 2. Glottal stop is widely spread. 3. [th]=[f] thin [fin]. 4. In word final posit [ng]=[n] dancing [da:nsin]. 5. [ptk] are heavily aspirated.
Scottish English. The status of Scottish English is still debated. Some linguists say it’s a national variant, some- dialect. Educated Scottish people speak a form of Scottish Standard English that grammatically and lexically is not different from Eng (RP) although with Scottish accent.