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part by enhancing the general ability of appliers to orient themselves. This
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1994 Book DidacticsOfMathematicsAsAScien
part by enhancing the general ability of appliers to orient themselves. This may help to find new solutions to complicated applied problems. This kind of application can be termed indirect application. Hence, education should not aim primarily at a certain applicable knowledge, but rather at developing a more general ability to orient oneself (faculty of judgment). That Crelle's decision to found his educational conception on indirect ap- plication was quite realistic for his time is true not only for industrially under- developed Prussia but also for the then well-developed France. C. Gillispie has studied the question of how far an application of science can be spoken of in France at the turn of the 19th century, during the early stage of industrial- 4.1 The Mathematical Conception The mathematics of the Süvern syllabus was not the mathematics of Felix Klein. Rather, the scientific background of school mathematics at the Gymnasium was a theory that one can refer to as "algebraic analysis" and that is mainly due to the first volume of Leonhard Euler's Introductio in analysis infinitorum (Euler, 1748/1922). Essential for Euler's conception was the al- gebraic view of the concept of function, and, in a natural way, this also led to an algebraic view of infinitesimal calculus. Objects and most important tools of Euler's Introductio were finite and infinite algebraic expressions, that is, polynomials and power series, finite and infinite products, and continued fractions as well as their transformations. The intuitive basis of this approach was the more or less formal analogy between finite and infinite expressions. J. L. Lagrange (1736-1813) had completed this algebraic conception by defining the derivation of a function as the coefficient of i in the power series expansion CULTURAL INFLUENCES: A HISTORICAL CASE 420 ization (Gillispie, 1977). He found that, while there was no direct application of science, the sciences played an important part in industrialization by (a) scientists giving expertise in many areas of industry; (b) taxonomy and clas- sification of industrial methods (the so-called "natural history of industry"); (c) scientific explanation of production processes; and (d) science as an edu- cational instance for industry, overcoming ignorance and lack of communica- tion. These are the very functions of what I have designated as indirect appli- cation above. 4. THE CONCEPTION OF MATHEMATICS INSTRUCTION FOR THE GYMNASIUM In the following, I shall examine how mathematics instruction was conceived of for the Prussian/German Gymnasium, and how it developed, concentrat- ing on the role of applications. I have already stated that the general character of this school mathematics can be described by the terms pure and systematic. The concept of system designates one dimension of the didactic conception, if not the essential one. For Crelle, for instance, mathematics was "excellently suited" to form the faculty of judgment, because of the "consistency of its in- ternal connection." The concept of system was one of the topoi most used by textbook authors and syllabus organizers. I will not discuss this in more de- tail. However, the concept of "pure mathematics" and the (negative) attitude toward applications are worthy of closer consideration. which he supposed to exist (Lagrange, 1797/1881). Toward the end of the 18th century, the German so-called Combinatorial School attempted to sys- tematize this theory by combinatorially expressing the analytically admissible transformations of power series and infinite products. These ideas formed the scientific background of school mathematics as conceived in the Humboldtian reform and as it continued to develop over the course of the century. The entire field from arithmetic across algebra up to al- gebraic analysis was seen as a unified, homogeneous organism that was closed in itself and corresponded, in the eyes of contemporaries, to the ideal of a reasoning that unfolds conceptually from its own conditions. It became the systematic basis of 19th-century school mathematics in the area of arith- metic and algebra. Elsewhere, I have explained and demonstrated why a differential and integral calculus beyond the theory of series had no place in this conception (cf. Jahnke, 1990a). As there were no compulsory syllabi in Prussia until far into the second half of the 19th century, but only minimum catalogues contained in the regu- lations for the Abitur, I illustrate this school mathematics by citing the con- tents of a then widely used school textbook: HANS NIELS JAHNKE 421 Download 5.72 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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