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1994 Book DidacticsOfMathematicsAsAScien
Neuropsychology. Early studies of adults with acalculia were carried out by
neurologists and psychiatrists who hoped to obtain insights into the func- tioning of the brain. It was suggestive to assume, in line with other basic co- gnitive abilities (e.g., speech, motorics), a brain zone for calculating as well, a so-called "computational center" (Benton, 1987). Within mathematics education research as well, there is a branch regarding cerebral architecture as determining calculatory performance (Tarnopol & Tarnopol, 1979; Teyler, 1984). The final failure of the search for a computational center in the brain by examining brain injuries is ascribed to the high cognitive de- mand of calculating. This comprises linguistically coded forms of expres- sion, perceptions, and representations. In all these fields, calculating per- formance seems to be impairable by cerebral lesions, a fact that causes dif- fuse injuries to lead to impaired calculating performance as well. Nevertheless, these studies established that an impairment of calculating performance was, in almost all cases, accompanied by defects in the optical JENS HOLGER LORENZ 293 GIFTED AND RETARDED STUDENTS area, a fact which caused the studies to emphasize visualization or visual mental representations within the calculating processes (Hartje, 1987). The construct of minimal cerebral dysfunction (MCD) brought some understand- ing for the subfactors underlying calculus development. Impairment in the following areas has proved detrimental to learning numbers and arithmetical operations: (a) in the tactile-kinesthetic area; (b) in auditory perception, storage, and seriality; (c) in visual perception, storage, and seriality; and (d) in intermodality. Within this approach, disturbances in the development of very young children, in particular, in the tactile-kinesthetic area, with their ensuing im- pairment of the body schema and the disturbance of spatial orientation are made responsible for a reduced performance in calculus. With this reduced view, however, which locates the causal factors for dyscalculia in the student's brain, no methodological-didactical measures can be derived. This is why it has proved impossible as yet to develop speci- fic special methods for these children. Curricular error analysis. The analysis of student errors in arithmetical operations shows that there seem to be certain universals in the child's rea- soning that cause special error types in case of curricular demands. These errors have a fine structure (e.g., typical errors in written subtraction and in multiplication with 0 and 1; Cox, 1975), which remains constant even over a period of 50 years, independent of the instructional method used. On the one hand, certain error patterns and error configurations, which are typical for student populations, may serve to derive didactical measures for the entire class aimed at prevention or treatment. On the other hand, it can be shown that these error patterns are typical for the individual as well (Ginsburg, 1983). It has also been shown, however, that different (erroneous) solving strategies may lead to the same error pattern, and, hence, nothing definite can be said about the specific reasoning processes involved in solving this arithmetical problem. This can be achieved only by studying individual cases in the form of clinical interviews; the thinking aloud method not only revealing misconceptions of relevant concepts and misleading strategies of algorithms, but also clarifying more general (erroneous) strategies of receiv- ing and processing information (Radatz, 1980). Within the error analysis approach, treatment addresses the hierarchical sequencing of learning and analyzes the level of the structure of mental rep- resentation of arithmetical operations (Niegemann, 1988). This is based on the assumption in developmental psychology that learning consists of chan- ging individual activity levels, and that the direction these changes will take can be predicted by a curricular description as well. In this sense, dyscalcu- lia is conceived of differently to other approaches, as dyscalculia students are characterized, compared to their peers, by a form of work situated on a lower level of mental representation, the didactical measures extending to raising that level within the same problem. 294 Beyond that, error-sensitive diagnostic procedures can be developed that localize the cause of the error during the process of solving. Download 5.72 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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