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particularly thorny one. Though women are attending universities in ever-
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1994 Book DidacticsOfMathematicsAsAScien
particularly thorny one. Though women are attending universities in ever- increasing numbers, and often in greater numbers than men, they are acutely underrepresented in the natural sciences, in mathematics, and in engineer- ing. In Canada and the United States, the proportion of women among those receiving bachelor's degrees in mathematics is constantly rising, but has only recently reached the 45% mark, and women still account for no more than 20% of those obtaining master's and doctoral degrees in that subject. One might well ask to what extent this underrepresentation is due to in- equality of opportunity in the educational system. Clearly it is not rooted in the educational system alone, nor can it be ascribed entirely to the nature of mathematics. Some of the reasons for it are those that account for the differ- ential representation of men and women across occupations in general, and are thus very varied and complex. This more general issue has been the subject of investigation from various perspectives, such as the biological, historical, and sociocultural, in addition to the educational. Nevertheless, it was not unreasonable to postulate the existence of gender-related differ- ences specific to the learning of mathematics, and a failure of the educa- tional system to accommodate females. Over the past three decades, efforts to understand the low participation of women in mathematics have indeed spawned a large body of research into gender differences in mathematics learning and mathematics achievement. In the course of this research, various hypotheses have been advanced in- volving variables that are psychological (e.g., spatial skills), environmental (e.g., school practices), or instructional (e.g., teaching methods), among others. There is a great deal of controversy on this topic, as there is in most R . Biehler, R. W. Scholz, R. Sträßer, B. Winkelmann (Eds.), Didactics of Mathematics as a Scientific Discipline, 303-314. © 1994 Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands. GENDER AND INSTRUCTION educational research. There is disagreement over the relevance of variables, over the way research questions are framed, over the methods used to col- lect and analyze data, and over the interpretation of research results. There is no consensus among researchers into gender differences in mathematics education, and it would be naive to expect a high degree of agreement to emerge in the near future. Some researchers in this area have nevertheless suggested that girls need to be taught differently: In other words (to use the term employed in the heading of this section of the present book), there is a need for differential didactics by gender. The implication is that girls will continue to be denied an equal opportunity to learn mathematics until schools introduce separate teaching methods for boys and girls. Whatever other faults they may have, I do not think present teaching methods should be blamed for this inequality of opportunity. I believe there is only teaching and better teaching, rather than teaching specific to girls or boys, and, in this paper, I will cite recent research results in support of this position. Accordingly, I would suggest that mathematics educators focus their efforts on better ways of teaching all students, male or female, rather than on special methods for teaching girls. Differential didactics might well be justified if one could show that girls and boys, regardless of social or cultural origin, by virtue of their sex alone, have markedly different ways of learning in general or of learning mathe- matics in particular. It is precisely this claim that a number of researchers have made. In the next section of this paper, I will examine critically some of the hy- potheses put forward to describe or explain claimed gender differences in cognitive development in general and in styles of mathematics learning in Download 5.72 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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