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1994 Book DidacticsOfMathematicsAsAScien
in society as a pure and applied science, as a system of instruments, as a
field of aesthetics, and as a teaching subject. Being very complex issues, mathematical modeling and the problem of validating mathematical models are central for understanding the role of mathematics in the development 330 INTRODUCTION TO CHAPTER 7 and shaping of society. The eminent role of a country's mathematical quali- fication structure for its development becomes clear, especially from an in- ternational comparative perspective. However, discerning its concrete role is still a topic that requires more research. Mathematics' role is changing in history; recently, its influence and significance have been enhanced through the development and use of computers, although, in common discourse, mathematics is not visible behind computers and its applications. This is an example of the social invisibility of mathematics, which constitutes a rele- vance paradox for mathematics education that is central to Niss' analysis. The generality of mathematics, which is also analyzed by Otte and Seeger, is a specific characteristic that is responsible for mathematics unexpectedly being disguised in many diverse contexts in which people who actually ap- ply mathematics are not regarded as mathematicians but as bankers, engi- neers, traffic planners, and so forth. Niss points to the need for further re- search on what one may also call a social epistemology of mathematics. An attempt in this direction is Fischer (1992), whose paper can be read as relat- ing the perspective of Niss and Ernest in this chapter. From his analysis, Niss reconceptualizes the task of preparing mathemat- ics for students as working on the justification problem (of a certain mathe- matics education for a population), the possibility problem (what can be taught), and the implementation problem. This relates to the discussion in chapter 1 of preparing mathematics for students, however, now, from the (normative and critical) perspective of society. The didactical transposition should not only be concerned with making scholarly knowledge in mathe- matics teachable, it also has to relate and question its content in relation to the role of mathematics in society. A particular normative interpretation consists in viewing mathematics education as part of a general education (Allgemeinbildung) for a democratic society. Niss elaborates the conse- quences of such a conception that go far beyond educating for "intelligent citizenship." It aims at counterbalancing expert rule in society by using mathematics to provide insight into the general, that is, the acquisition of an overview and an understanding of main development patterns. However, it may be the case that students refuse to receive such an education, and the relevance paradox may reproduce itself on a psychological level in that stu- dents think that "mathematics is useless to me, but at the same time I know that I am useless without mathematics." This indicates that coordinating the goals for society with those of individual learners may be a difficult prob- lem in practice. Jim Kaput analyzes the representational roles of technology in connect- ing mathematics with authentic experience. His major concern is also re- lated to overcoming the isolation of formal mathematics. The role of repre- sentations is regarded as crucial here, since the isolation of mathematics and the difficulties of students are partly due to its specific representations. Complementary to the analysis by Mogens Niss, which emphasizes social ROLF BIEHLER 331 aspects, simulation and mathematical modeling are reanalyzed by Kaput from a representational and cognitive point of view with regard to the aim of connecting mathematics to students' authentic experience. This strategy of extracting mathematical forms from authentic experience is confronted with the strategy of casting mathematics in more "natural forms" as exem- plified by using traditional manipulatives. A major thesis of the paper is that Download 5.72 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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