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1994 Book DidacticsOfMathematicsAsAScien
International Study Group on the Relations Between History and Pedagogy
of Mathematics focuses on history as it relates to didactics. In some coun- tries, for instance, in Germany, a series of conferences has been initiated on this topic, see Steiner and Winter (1985), Steiner (1990), and Jahnke, Knoche, and Otte (1991), who also provide overviews on activities in other countries (UK, France, Italy, USA). More than the history of mathematics, epistemological aspects of mathematics seem to be an integrated aspect of didactical research. Vergnaud (1990), for instance, gives an informative summary of the role of epistemology in the psychology of mathematics ed- ucation (see also chapter 5, this volume). The didactical research on episte- mological obstacles met in history and, in a transformed way, in the learning process of students particularly illustrates how the history of mathematics can be used and is relevant for the psychology of mathematics education. Paul Ernest's article on the philosophy of mathematics and the didactics of mathematics aims at a comprehensive picture of the relation between the two. He describes the change in the philosophy of mathematics itself from a prescriptive, absolutist account to a broad spectrum of social views of math- ematics. These developments are intimately related to widespread currents in transdisciplinary thought. Ernest formulates criteria for a philosophy of mathematics that are adequate for the didactics of mathematics. He provides empirical evidence on René Thom's thesis of the relevance of philosophy by analyzing various educational movements in mathematics education, tracing back the influence of different philosophies of mathematics and their com- bination with pedagogical philosophies. Social philosophies of mathematics that acknowledge culture-embeddedness resonate with the aims of critical mathematics education. This is a topic that Mogens Niss (this chapter) dis- cusses in his paper on the basis of his analysis of the role of mathematics in society and in connection with educating for democracy. However, Ernest is right to emphasize that the same philosophy of mathematics is compatible with different styles of education. Bourbaki mathematics was associated with an activity-based discovery style of pedagogy as well as with a trans- mission style of pedagogy. Similarly, empirical research on teachers' cogni- tions and behavior has shown that there may be quite a mismatch between teachers' verbally subscribed philosophies of mathematics and their teaching practice (see, also, Cooney, this volume; Hoyles, 1992). Further on, he describes how a social constructivist view of mathematics and mathematics education may provide a theoretical framework for developing pedagogical principles and a new theory of teaching and learning mathematics that links together the social framework of mathematics education, classroom interac- tion, and individual work by students (see chapter 3, this volume). 329 In their paper on the human subject in mathematics education and in the history of mathematics, Michael Otte and Falk Seeger start by reviewing different reasons for using history in mathematics education. A major rea- son is that historical studies can counterbalance a mere technical treatment of mathematics and can reveal the involvement of subjects and their inten- tions and difficulties in mathematical thinking as well as the fact that there is not just one mathematics but many different forms of mathematics. Revealing the historicity of contemporary mathematics and appreciating the multiplicity of perspectives on mathematics may provide new self-aware- ness in developing one's own personal relationship to mathematics. Otte and Seeger's approach resonates with Ernest in the sense of overcoming the positivist-formalist doctrine of mathematics. However, it is still a problem to understand that, nevertheless, mathematics presents itself as a highly formalized and depersonalized body of knowledge, and it is far from clear why this is the case and how this can be related to personal development. The authors interpret mathematics as theoretical knowledge whose speci- ficity is a form of generality that is a result of a division of labor in the sci- ences. Its formal character is closely related to the historical rise of "rela- tional or functionalist thinking" in contrast to substantialist thinking. This distinction is elaborated with regard to two different identity principles in mathematics and principles of individualization in society. Scientific knowledge as a product of division of labor enters into conflict with common (everyday) knowledge. This conflict cannot be resolved with- out scientific knowledge, because it is pervasive in contemporary society (Niss, this chapter). However, the self-image of science is not appropriate for being introduced in its reasoning, and the philosophical foundations and its historical genesis and roots become relevant for the resolution of the conflict between scientific and everyday knowledge. Compulsory general education cannot do without theoretical knowledge that opens up a universe of experience that is rich enough to allow a very great variety of members of society to participate. However, the theoretical character of knowledge causes the problem of meaning of mathematics (see, also, Steinbring, this volume). Development of meaning is regarded in a maximal loop approach, as a journey that brings the subject into contact with as many different per- spectives on mathematics as possible. From the perspective of general edu- cation, the domain-specificity of knowledge cannot be the last word: The historicity of one's own perspective has to become conscious in the context of experiencing the multiplicity of perspectives in the classroom. In his article on mathematics in society, Mogens Niss differentiates the social and cultural view of mathematics through an analysis of mathematics Download 5.72 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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