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1994 Book DidacticsOfMathematicsAsAScien
Education, 2, 69-103.
Purves, A. (Ed.). (1989). International comparisons and educational reform. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development. Robitaille, D., & Garden, R. (Eds.). (1989). The IEA study of mathematics II: Contexts and outcomes of school mathematics. Oxford: Pergamon Press. Robitaille, D., & Travers, K. (1992). International studies of achievement in mathematics. In D. Grouws (Ed.), Handbook of research on mathematics teaching and learning (pp. 687-709). New York: Macmillan. Saxe, G. (1988). Candy selling and math learning. Educational Researcher, 17(6), 14-21. Spaulding, S. (1989). Comparing educational phenomena: Promises, prospects, and prob- lems. In A. Purves (Ed.), International comparisons and educational reform (pp. 1-16). Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development. Stigler, J., & Baranes, R. (1988). Culture and mathematics learning. In E. Rothkopf (Ed.), Review of research in education (pp. 253-306). Washington, DC: American Educational Research Association. United States Bureau of Education (1911). Mathematics in the elementary schools of the United States. International commission on the teaching of mathematics: The American report. 12, 7-181. Walberg, H. (1983). Scientific literacy and economic productivity in international perspec- tive. Daedalus, 112(2), 1-28. 414 CULTURAL INFLUENCES ON MATHEMATICS TEACHING THE AMBIGUOUS ROLE OF APPLICATIONS IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY GERMANY Hans Niels Jahnke Bielefeld 1. SCIENCE, EDUCATION, AND CULTURE It is possible to distinguish four different dimensions of culture (cf. Bishop, 1988, pp. 16-19; White, 1959, p. 19): 1. ideological: composed of beliefs, dependent on symbols, philosophies; 2. sociological: the customs, institutions, rules, and patterns of interper- sonal behavior; 3. sentimental: attitudes, feelings concerning people, behavior; 4. technological: manufacture and use of tools and implements. This categorization is useful for the following case study about cultural influ- ences on mathematics instruction, how it was conceived in the Humboldtian educational reform, and its history in the 19th century. The case study will show the important role of the technological side of culture, which became manifest, however, in a dialectic transposition. Germany, at the threshold of industrialization, did not conceive of education merely as a reflex on techno- logical requirements, but shaped the ideological, sociological, and sentimental aspects of education in conscious negation of this demand. The underlying idea of culture can be described in White's (1959, p. 8) words, who says it is the function of culture "to relate man to his environment on the one hand, and to relate man to man on the other." Education, in Germany, was intentionally not understood to be preparation for a vocation, yet, nevertheless, the prob- lem of application was at its background. In which sense and with what con- sequences this was the case shall be shown in the following. It is hardly necessary to explain the importance of the Humboldtian re- forms initiated in 1810. With regard to education, they represented, for Germany, the step into modernity by developing the foundations of the pre- sent university and school system, and by establishing a scientific education of teachers. These developments were reflected in two legal acts. On July 12th 1810, the Prussian Ministry of the Interior decreed, in the Edict Concerning the Introduction of a General Examination of All Future Download 5.72 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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