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particular consideration to describing the educational environment, and it
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1994 Book DidacticsOfMathematicsAsAScien
particular consideration to describing the educational environment, and it plans to explore possible links and relationships among the various levels of curricula within this environment. As a result, the activities of TIMSS are guided by four main research questions focusing on the mathematics and science students have learned; the variations in intended learning goals among educational systems; the various opportunities students have to learn mathematics and science; and the relationships of the intended, the imple- mented, and attained curriculum with respect to the context of education, the arrangements for teaching and learning, and the outcomes of the educa- tional process. DAVID ROBITAILLE & CYNTHIA NICOL 412 As a survey, TIMSS will seek answers to these questions through the use of questionnaires given to students, teachers, principals, and system-level experts. However, TIMSS also plans to supplement this survey data with qualitative in-depth investigations of both student performances in problem situations and of classroom processes. These qualitative investigations, re- quiring intensive observations and interviews with both students and teach- ers, will need a great deal of organization, expertise, and resources. As well, it will be a challenge for TIMSS to construct problem situations that are culturally appropriate but are also general enough to enable meaningful international comparisons of the results. TIMSS intends to provide the international research community, educa- tors, curriculum developers, and the public with a great deal of comparative data embedded within a contextual framework that will make the challeng- ing task of interpreting international differences more informative and valid. In any comparative international study, there is the danger that results will be interpreted and compared devoid of the rich educational context in which they are embedded. However, in order for meaningful within-country and between-country comparisons to be made, consideration of the educational environment is important. If this is done, TIMSS and other international studies have the potential to make significant contributions to our current understanding of mathematics learning and teaching. COMPARATIVE INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH 413 REFERENCES Altbach, P. (1991). Trends in comparative education. Comparative Education Review, 35, 491-507. Brown, J. S., Collins, A., & Duguid, P. (1989). Situated cognition and the culture of learn- ing. Educational Researcher, 18(1), 32-42. Eckstein, M. (1982). Comparative school achievement. In H. Mitzel (Ed.), Encyclopedia of educational research (Vol. 1). New York: Free Press. Fehr, H. (1959). The mathematics education of youth a comparative study. L'Enseignement Mathématique, 5, 61-78. Freudenthal, H. (1959). A comparative study of methods of initiation into geometry. L'Enseignement Mathématique, 5, 119-145. Freudenthal, H. (1975). Pupils’ achievement internationally compared. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 6, 127-186. Garden, R. (1987). The second IEA mathematics study. Comparative Education Review, 31(l), 47-68. Harris, P. (1989). Contexts for change in cross-cultural classrooms. In N. Ellerton & M. A. Clements (Eds.), School mathematics: The challenge to change (pp. 79-95). Geelong, Australia: Deakin University. Hayes, W. (1991). IEA guidebook 1991: Activities, institutions, and people. The Hague, Netherlands: International association for the evaluation of educational achievement (IEA). Howson, G., & Wilson, B. (Eds.). (1986). School mathematics in the 1990s. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Husén, T. (1967). International study of educational achievement in mathematics (Vols. I - II). Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell. Kilpatrick, J. (1971). Some implications of the international study of achievement in math- ematics for mathematics educators. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, 2, 164-171. DAVID ROBITAILLE & CYNTHIA NICOL Marklund, I. (1989). How two educational systems learned from comparative studies: The Swedish experience. In A. Purves (Ed.), International comparisons and educational re- form (pp. 35-44). Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development. Postlethwaite, T. (1971). International association for the evaluation of educational achievement (IEA) – The mathematics study. Journal for Research in Mathematics Download 5.72 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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