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1994 Book DidacticsOfMathematicsAsAScien
laws on the three different levels of operations that reveals arithmetic as an
organic whole to the student . . . ." (Müller, 1838, p. v, translated). The di- dactic centerpiece of the book is the close connection of algebraic calculus and implicit combinatorics. Combinatorial exercises are carried out already at the beginning of algebraic calculus; an explicit combinatorics appears later as an introduction to the theory of series. Thus, the entire volume is devoted to the combinatorial program from the initial stage of the reform. The book was eminent among the mass of textbooks in making the syntactic structure of formulae transparent. In view of this and of the fact that Müller was an excel- lent representative of the movement in favor of the Realschule, it is all the more serious that, although the book contained some applications from physics, stoichiometry, and interest calculation, these amounted to 10% of the exercises at the utmost (cf. Jahnke, 1990b, p. 421). Even if one takes into consideration that teaching geometry besides arithmetic required about the same amount of time, this does not alleviate the purism of the formal-syntac- tical conception of arithmetic and algebra. The second edition of Müller's work in 1855, while limited to one small volume, even increased this formal tendency by making combinatorics even an explicit object of teaching at the lower level. The efforts at reforming mathematics instruction initiated by the new Realgymnasien and Oberrealschulen never put into question the systematic character of the subject matter, they seldom led to an extension of applications, and, for present-day readers, it is almost upsetting to see that an extension of the mathematical subject matter in 1892 went toward "teaching and exercising the solving of fourth-degree equations and the method of approximate solution of numeri- HANS NIELS JAHNKE 425 cal, algebraic, and transcendent equations" (Jahnke, 1990b, p. 464, trans- lated). 5. LOSS OF MEANING During the second half of the 19th century, algebraic analysis increasingly lost its mathematical and cultural significance, nevertheless remaining the leading concept of school mathematics until the beginning of our century. The history of this theory can thus be subsumed for this period under the heading of loss of meaning and inertia. Its mathematical loss of meaning is evident. In succession to Cauchy, a quite novel view of real and complex analysis and of its conceptual foundations had emerged. Techniques and concepts of the older algebraic analysis were partly scientifically discredited (as the use of di- vergent series) and partly occurred only in subordinate places in special chapters. The view could no longer claim a unifying role. This loss of signif- icance is illustrated dramatically by a remark made by the then well-known textbook author Ernst Koppe, who in 1866 said that treatment of combina- torics in school was "a pastime alien to the scientific seriousness of the math- ematical method" (pp. 10-11, translated). Second, the original conception of school mathematics also suffered a cul- tural loss of significance. In the middle of the 19th century, idealist and ro- manticist philosophy had been thoroughly discredited. The general beliefs in theory of science, which had established an intrinsic connection between edu- cation and theoretical science, had dissolved. The stress on the holistic char- acter of the world, on humanity and on knowledge, had ceded to a more pragmatic attitude. Against the idealistic construction of comprehensive sys- tems, greater weight was now placed on experience and on the particular. This necessarily also changed the attitudes toward education. The "unity of Download 5.72 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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