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1994 Book DidacticsOfMathematicsAsAScien
ethno as relating to culture in its broad sense, of tics as coming from techné,
the same root that gave us techniques and arts, and mathema(ta) as explain- ing, understanding, coping with reality. In this last part, I may be blamed for some slight etymological abuse! Ethnomathematics comes from the recognition that every cultural group generates its own ways of explaining, understanding, and coping with real- ity, transmits and organizes these ways into techniques, develops these into true chefs d'oeuvre, and diffuses them through the group; improving and transmitting them from generation to generation. Consequently, every cul- tural group reveals distinct ethnomathematics. Some of these ethnomathe- matics rely more on counting, measuring, and other practices. René Thorn has identified two main strands in classical Greek mathematics: the mathé- matique de l'intelligible and the mathématique de la mâitrise (Thom, 1990). These are examples of ethnomathematics. They have been carried over to the Roman world, where the mathematics of mastering real-life problems do not differ from that of the Greeks, and surely, in many cases, were more ef- ficient, as is clear from Vitruvius. The mathematics of explanations, also present in the Roman Middle Ages, were clearly geared toward the major intellectual construction of the Christian doctrine, which culminates in a major mathematical work, Aquinas' Summa theologica. Clearly, the distinct ethnos were responsible for these different tics of mathema. The Ethnomathematics Program is a research program on the history and philosophy of mathematics, as deserted from the general complex of ideas, with obvious implications for the pedagogy of mathematics. As I had the opportunity of concluding elsewhere, ethnomathematics offers not only a CULTURAL FRAMING 449 broader view of mathematics, embracing practices and methods related to a variety of cultural environments, but also a more comprehensive, contextu- alized perception of the processes of generating, organizing, transmitting, and disseminating mathematics (D'Ambrosio, 1992, p. 1185). Many of the proposals of the pedagogy associated with ethnomathematics take the direc- tion of collective achievement. The practices of this pedagogy rely on knowledge brought by the student, knowledge shared and put together in the function of a certain goal. Usually they take the form of a project, involving modeling and effective dealing with a really real situation. 3.3 Ethnomathematics: Some Examples To move away from psittaceous didactics, we have to generate a new dynamics for the classroom, based on a new role for the teacher and a clearer and broader understanding of what is mathematics. There are several experiences that focus on a different way of conducting education, as well as much research evidence on the possibilities of change. For example, the proposal in D'Ambrosio (1991) has been implemented in several experimen- tal classes with much success. This is very much related to the successful Suzuki method for violin playing. Equally successful has been the proposal of the Project FOXFIRE (Wigginton, 1988). For more details, let us first talk about teachers. Of course, current teach- ers have been trained in the traditional way. A change in attitude and pos- ture in the classroom is very difficult. As shown by Beatriz D'Ambrosio and Tania Campos, this essentially requires developing an inquisitive attitude in prospective teachers, and a way to achieve this is to incorporate research in preservice teacher training. Of course, in-service courses should do the same instead of the routine of providing the teacher with more contents or more methodology, sometimes training them to use didactical gimmicks. The low status of mathematics education is a consequence of mistaken views on ed- ucation and mathematics, not at all a lack of contents or of methodology (D'Ambrosio & Campos, 1992). One of the characteristics of the ethnomathematics approach is to go into the cultural history of the community as a source of reflections and prac- tices, which frequently opens the way for critical thinking about common concepts and practices of a mathematical or scientific nature. The research program of Gelsa Knijnik among the communities of peasants in Southern Brazil linked with the agrarian reform movement ("Movimento dos Sem- Terra" – Landless People Movement) may serve as an illustration here: The research was conducted in a school founded in the occupied land to prepare elementary school teachers. The school aims to educate the main agents in the process of social change, preparing teachers capable of delivering a popular education. Social change there means to cultivate their own land and to commercialize their production. Knijnik realizes that the training of these teachers must be done by trying to probe into and rescue popular UBIRATAN D'AMBROSIO 450 CULTURA L FRAMING mathematics, a mathematics that is not legitimated by dominant knowledge and has survived only through a process of oral transmission. This pedagog- ical work does not try simply to rescue popular knowledge. It also tries to de-codify and understand it, giving the students the opportunity to become aware of the limitations of their methods and the reason why these methods, even without being exact, are utilized by rural subordinate groups (Knijnik, 1993). Additional examples of this kind are shown in D'Ambrosio (1992). Although not using the term ethnomathematics, Geoffrey Saxe brings much support to the ethnomathematics program in his recent book, Culture Download 5.72 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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