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1994 Book DidacticsOfMathematicsAsAScien
knowledge" appeared unattainable and was no longer a value that could serve
to comprehensively justify education. The idea that the educational effect of mathematics lay mainly in its systematicity lost more and more of its attrac- tion. Third, the social context was changing. The increasing importance of tech- nology and of technological applications undermined the exclusive position of pure mathematics during the first half of the 19th century. It could no longer claim to be the only authentic mathematics serving to convey mathematical education. Nevertheless, algebraic analysis held its position as a leading concept of school mathematics until the beginning of our century, as has been hinted at above (Jahnke, 1990b, pp. 464-472). Consequently, the first efforts at re- forming mathematics instruction were also directed at reintegrating analytical geometry into the syllabus of the Gymnasium (see the famous speech given by DuBois-Reymond in 1877), thus making the original conception of alge- braic analysis complete again. Only after F. Klein, who occasionally spoke of the "misery of algebraic analysis" (Klein, 1907, p. 105, translated), de- CULTURAL INFLUENCES: A HISTORICAL CASE 426 6. THE ROLE OF CULTURE To close, I shall inquire into the role of culture in this development. General cultural evaluations led to the view that the purpose of education was not so much to convey an established knowledge aligned to applications, but rather orientations to enable humanity to behave intelligently and communicatively if faced with unforeseeable demands (the concept of "indirect application"). Pure mathematics had the opportunity to determine the mathematical syllabus, because theoretical and speculative reasoning was highly esteemed within the cultural sphere. The same kinds of cultural process outside of school were to rob the original conception of education of its meaning and to undermine the didactic conception of mathematics instruction founded on this idea by a de- creasing esteem for the idea of system as well. This was a slow and nonho- mogeneous process that changed the mathematics teachers' pedagogical and mathematical self-understanding and made them seek for new ideas. An inter- esting question for which no historical evidence is available to me is how far such processes of cultural change outside of school that were divesting sub- ject matter of its meaning have had a negative influence on processes within school. For the present-day observer, certainly most strange is the extremely nega- tive view of everyday applications taken by the reformers of the Humboldtian era. Within the historical context, however, some reasons can be advanced that make this comprehensible. First, it should be noted that similar efforts were made at reforming mathematics instruction in the 1960s and 1970s while subsuming various applied methods under the concept of proportional function. An additional feature in the early 19th century was that reformers were faced with the situation that only everyday applications were taught in mathematics at the Gymnasium, and this mainly by auxiliary teachers who came from outside and had to be paid for this practical drill by the students or by their parents. This practical arithmetic consisted in the exercise of mere cookbook recipes, a situation in which mathematical subject matter concerned with arguing and proof had to fight for a first foothold. The insight that common arithmetic can also be executed in an argumentative and reasoning way only grew step by step over the course of the 19th century as a con- sequence of didactic efforts. We have seen how difficult it was to make an arguing and proving mathe- matics prevail at the Gymnasium. The reformers' efforts in favor of such a mathematics must thus be considered to be very important historically. This HANS NIELS JAHNKE 427 manded that infinitesimal calculus be introduced into instruction toward the end of the 19th century, was this leading concept effectively questioned. It is a historical problem yet to be studied to reconstruct the history of Klein's Reforms as a struggle between two different mathematical paradigms, that is, between the conception of algebraic analysis and Klein's idea of functional reasoning. shows that it is historically inadequate to consider the movement to establish the Realschule during the second half of the 19th century as a continuation of the realist trends during the first half. It is necessary here to distinguish care- fully between different currents, it being obviously not correct to assume that a realistic orientation of education automatically implies a strong position of mathematics within the syllabus. Besides, it is not self-evident under realistic auspices that the mathematics taught is aligned to proof and theoretical rea- soning. The conflict about the everyday practical applications reveals, on a general level, one of the most essential functions fulfilled by culture with regard to education. Just as the everyday practical applications represented the contem- porary interests of parents and students, the demand to teach theoretical math- ematics anticipated the future. The struggle between the two positions was multidimensional and fed by cultural values. It is culture that makes possible the dialogue with the future, and this is its decisive contribution to education. CULTURAL INFLUENCES: A HISTORICAL CASE 428 REFERENCES Bishop, A. J. (1988). Mathematical enculturation. A cultural perspective on mathematics education. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer. Cauchy, A. L. (1897). Cour d'analyse de l'école royale polytechnique. Download 5.72 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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