Card savol lexical problems in translation

According to the unit of translation, it can be: sound translation; word translation;word-combination, idioms or phraseological units translation; sentence translation;paragraph translation; text translation; lntertextual translation. According to the aim of translation, it can be: literal translation;summative translation, when the main ideas are rendered in the translated version; abstract/adnotare, резюме not more than a paragraph (sometimes not more than 6-7 sentences).
1.5. Machine translation (MT) is the technology of translating one human language into another (e.g., English into French) through full automation or with human assistance. The speed of MT and the process of investing in infrastructure are appealing to businesses. However, MT often provides inaccurate translations, particularly where there is more than one meaning for a word in the original language or where there is more than one interpretation for a term in the target language. Thus “bank” could be a riverbank or a financial institution. The use of domain-specific dictionaries (e.g., agricultural vs. financial dictionaries) is helpful but not sufficient. MT often is not as fluent and readable as human-translated text, and thus may not convey the professional business image that a business would prefer. However, MT combined with review by human translators can be a cost-effective procedure, particularly when a company invests in building company- and technology-specific user dictionaries.
1.6.One means of improving the quality of the translations is to use controlled language for the input. The controlled language may range from a list of terms acceptable in the translation to grammar checkers that alert the author to types of writing (e.g., incomplete sentences) that may not work well with MT. The writer could then change terms or sentence constructions or flag a term to be added to the MT dictionaries. Some proponents of controlled language claim that it produces more consistent and better written text in the original language, as well as better machine translations. However, some technical writers and programmers object to the additional writing burden, although carefully designed authoring tools and limitation of rules sets can diminish the effort involved in conforming to controlled language parameters.
1.7.Translators can also use pre-editing tools such as spellcheckers and grammar checkers to provide cleaner text for the machine translation. Careful post-editing (review and correction by human translators) is strongly recommended, particularly for materials that are used to convey a professional image of the company or for materials that may have legal implications.Many MT systems are making increasing use of TM systems. In addition, many MT systems have been particularly effective because—like TM—they capture single translations of terms in their dictionaries (especially user dictionaries) and thus provide standardization
3 savol 1.An idiom is a phrase or expression that typically presents a figurative, non-literal meaning attached to the phrase; but some phrases become figurative idioms while retaining the literal meaning of the phrase. Categorized as formulaic language, an idiom's figurative meaning is different from the literal meaning.^[1] Idioms occur frequently in all languages; in English alone there are an estimated twenty-five million idiomatic expressions.
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