Chapter II evolution of stock exchanges
History of Stock Exchange
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2.1 History of Stock Exchange One of the first securities markets recorded in the history was established in Paris in 1138 by money changers (Karekwaivenani, 2003). A securities market is also reported to have existed in Cairo in the 11th century. Muslim and Jewish traders had already set up every form of trade association and had knowledge of each method of payment and credit, refuting the belief that the Italians invented this at a later time (Ango & Umar, 2008).
The term stock exchange originated in Bruges (Belgium), by the, a family of bankers. They organized a security market in the rooms of their palace. In the late 13th century Bruges commodity traders gathered inside the house of Van der Bourse, and in 1309 they were the founders of this informal institution, and came to be known as the "Bruges Bourse". The idea quickly spread all over Flanders and neighboring counties and "Bourses" were soon opened in Ghent and Amsterdam. During the 14th century Bankers in Pisa, Verona, Genoa and Florence also began trading in government securities. Informal stock markets existed across Europe through the 1600s, where brokers would meet outside or in coffee houses to make trades (Wikipedia, July 2008).
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The Amsterdam Stock Exchange was founded in 1602 and became the first official stock exchange when it began trading shares of the Dutch East India Company. It was the first company to issue stocks and bonds (Valdez, 2003). Development of the stock exchange goes in parallel with the emergence of the limited liability companies and availability of securities of the national debt. However, although Amsterdam was a leading financial centre by 1700, the trading over there was not organized. The trading was dealing with a general market for commodities, bills of exchange, and other financial instruments. Other ―old‖ Stock exchanges such as the London stock exchange also had their inception in the coffee houses of London. In 1762, the first attempt at creating market securities was made when 150 dealers formed a club at Jonathan's Coffee House in London. In 1773, however, the first Stock Exchange in the modern sense came into existence. A number of dealers came together and decided to establish their own premises for the business of share trading. The name "The Stock Exchange" was adopted officially for the first time and inscribed over the door of the premises. The profession of brokers in Real State Securities was organized in the same year while a group of them has acquired a location denominated as stock exchange to carry out the transactions. By 1801, the Stock Exchange was an exclusive institution, while, in 1802, its constitution was laid down (Michie, 1999). In 1792, the New York Stock Exchange was formed, essentially, to finance the American Revolutionary War. In 1789, Congress met in Wall Street to authorize the issue of $80 million in government bonds in order to finance the cost of the war. As more bank stocks and government bonds emerged, the need for an organized market to trade these instruments developed. Stocks represented an ownership in something and the opportunity to make money as businesses grew. Wall Street businessmen met regularly to auction stocks and bonds, and agents left securities with auctioneers who received a commission for each stock and bond that they sold. With an increased interest and the need for an improved system, 24 brokers met under a buttonwood tree on May 17, 1792 and signed what is now considered a comprehensive document. This Document has enabled them to trade securities among themselves to maintain fixed commissions on these trades and to avoid dealing in other auctions. These events were seen as the actual founding of the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) (Karekwaivenani, 2003).
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During the period from 1815 to 1914 the securities market began to play an important role in the development of the financial sector. The global securities market facilitated the mobilization of long-term capital for both national and world economic development as well as imparted liquidity and mobility to the monetary systems of the world. An integrated global economy resulted with the development of railways and the stock exchange symbols of the age (Michie, 2006). Around this time, several stock exchanges emerged in other countries also. For example, South Africa's first Stock Exchange was established in Barberton in 1866. In Asia, Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) was established in 1875. BSE is one of the oldest stock exchange markets. The first of Italy's Exchanges, the Milan Stock Exchange, was founded in 1876. In Switzerland, the Zurich Stock Exchange was also set up in 1876 (Karekwaivenani, 2003). In Arab countries, the Egyptian Stock Exchange is the oldest Arab bourse, which is one of the oldest stock exchanges in the world. The Alexandria stock exchange was established in 1883, followed by the Cairo stock exchange in 1890. Table 2.1 shows the leading 100 stock exchanges in the world in 1914.
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