Chapter II evolution of stock exchanges
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- 2.3 Status of Arab Stock Exchanges.
Fig: 2.2 Emerging Market’s Share of World Market Capitalization (1997, 2006)
9.35% 90.65 %
Emerging Market 's Share
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Source: S&P Global Stock Markets Factbooks, Cited in (GIH, 2008) Fig: 2.3 Weight of Middle Eastern Markets in the S&P/IFCGCI between 1990 -2005
Source: Standard & Poor‘s, 2007. Global Stock Markets FactBook. Standard & Poor‘s, New York, cited in (Ben Naceur et al, 2008) 19.30
% 80.70
% 2006 Emerging Market 's Share 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Latine America
Asia
Europe
Middle East and North Africa
1990
1999 2005
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2.3.1 Overview of Arab Stock Exchange Stock exchanges in the Arab countries were established and developed in different historical circumstances. These developments can be distinguished into two groups. The first group of stock markets such as in Egypt, Lebanon, Morocco and Tunisia has grown and evolved gradually and has passed through several stages until it reached its present state. In these countries, the experience of stock markets of the economies of advanced industrial capitalism quoted to them during the colonial era (Al- Munthiri, 1987). At the beginning, their stock exchange was dedicated to determine the price of primary commodities such as the case in Egypt, but beyond this, with the development of the industrial sector and service in the Arab economies, the role of stock exchange has been changed to become similar to stock exchange role in Western economies with a different level of effectiveness and efficiency. The second group of stock markets has put the legal and regulatory rules that have been quoted from other countries experiences. Then it established the market at one time. Examples for the second group are
seen in Jordan, Syria, Sudan and others Arab countries like Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). Table 2.4 below shows the Arab stock markets with their structures, official names and establishment dates. i) Egypt
Egypt's Stock Exchange, now renamed "Egyptian Exchange" (EGX) and formerly known as Cairo and Alexandria Stock Exchange (CASE), comprises two exchanges, of Cairo and Alexandria, both of which are governed by the same board of directors and share identical trading, clearing and settlement systems. In March 2009, the 30 largest companies being traded, CASE 30 Index changed its name to EGX 30 Index. The Alexandria Stock Exchange was officially established in 1883, with Cairo following in 1903. Both exchanges were very active in the 1940s, and the combined Egyptian Stock Exchange ranked fifth in the world. The central planning and socialist policies adopted in the mid 1950's led to the Stock Exchange's dormancy between 1961 and 1992.
In the 1990's, the Egyptian government's restructuring and economic reform program resulted in the revival of the Egyptian stock market, and a major change in the organization of the Cairo and Alexandria Stock Exchanges took place in January
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1997 with the election of a new board of directors and the establishment of a number of board committees, which brought about significant modernization, culminating in 2008 by the Exchange winning the award of the most innovative African Exchange during the annual Summit organized by Africa Investor (Ai) in collaboration with NYSE Euronext. Egypt's government has no plan at the present time to privatize the country's stock exchange or turn it into a private company (Wikipedia, 2010 March 9).
The Casablanca Stock Exchange was established as long ago as 1929. At that time, it was known as the ―Office de Compensation des Valeurs Mobilières‖ (Office for Clearing of Transferable Securities). The institution has undergone three major reforms. The first one, in 1948, conferred a legal entity on the Casablanca Stock Exchange. Then in 1967, a second reform entailed a legal and technical reorganization, conferring upon it the status of public institution. Finally, in 1993, a set of legislative reforms were enacted, providing the Casablanca Stock Exchange with the necessary regulatory and technical framework for its future development. The Casablanca stock market is the sixth-largest in the Arab World behind Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Qatar and Egypt. It ranks third in Africa. The exchange is relatively modern, having experienced reform in 1993.
The CSE installed an electronic trading system, and is now organized as two markets: the Central Market and a Block Trade Market, for block trades. In terms of market organization, several new measures have been adopted, including: The launch of a new electronic-based trading system in March 1997; The Official Market and Direct Transfers Market were replaced by the Central Market and Block-trade Market in November 1998; Electronic-based trading was relocated in the premises of the brokerage firms‘ trading rooms in January 2001; The trade settlement period was shortened from T+5 to T+3 in May 2001. In December 2008, creation of a Casablanca Stock Exchange follow-up committee created by the Board directors for the revamping of the statutes of the company and the shift from a model of dual governorship with Board directors and Supervisory Board to a model with Board of Directors and General Management. In April 2009, the Casablanca Stock Exchange officially adopted corporate governance with Board of Directors and General Management (Casablanca S.E, 2010 December 01)
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Beirut Stock Exchange (BSE) is the second oldest stock market in the region; it was established in 1920, by a decree of the French Commissioner. Initially, trading was restricted to gold and foreign currencies. In the early 30s, trading was expanded to encompass shares of private companies set up under the French mandate to operate and manage some public services and sectors (railways, communications, post…). It was then tantamount to privatization. Some of these corporate securities and shares were listed on both BSE and Bourse de Paris at the same time. In the 1950s and 1960s, the Lebanese economy witnessed a significant activity; various industrial, banking and services companies listed their stocks on the BSE, thus prompt it at the forefront of the regional markets, totaling 50 listed bonds. In 1975, at the onset of the security turmoil in Lebanon, the trading activity in the BSE draws back and was conclusively halted in 1983. The suspension extended until 1996. On November 22, 1996, the BSE re-launched the trading activity in its hall, following a thirteen-year compulsory suspension. By the end of 2006, the BSE launched a new Remote Trading System, allowing the brokers to trade with the securities listed on the BSE ―remotely‖ from their own offices. The BSE is a public institution run by a committee including a Chairman, a Vice-Chairman and eight members appointed via a decree issued by the Council of Ministers, in accordance with a proposal by the Minister of Finance (BSE, n.d).
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