Chapter II evolution of stock exchanges
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2.4.8 Privatization Program in Sudan Sudan began to implement the privatization policy from 1992 aiming to arrest declining economic performance and improve efficiency within the framework of the liberalization policy (GIH, 2007). There were two phases for application of the program. In the first phase (1992-1997), the program covered the period 1992-95, whereby 57 units have been privatized. During the second phase (1998-2003), however, the proposed sales and liquidations of 31 enterprises were not completed. Privatization activity peaked in 1994, but gradually tapered off as an increasingly wary public began to suspect the government‘s motives. The main complaint is that even if privatization contributed to improved efficiency in some sectors, such as telecommunications. It had a negative effect on the distribution of wealth, income, and political power (Osman, 2007). Dagdeviren (2006) argued that several weak institutional factors have negatively affected the outcomes of privatization in Sudan: (1) the absence of appropriate accounting practices led to inaccurate valuation of assets; (2) there were no appropriate workers‘ compensation mechanisms included when privatization policies were first launched; (3) capital markets were very rudimentary and the Khartoum Stock Exchange was not operational before a substantial part of privatization had been completed; (4) the absence of anti-monopoly and other legislative frameworks and regulatory organizations led to problems; and (5) corrupt methods of privatization and intentional lack of transparency such as sales without tender and lack of documentation eroded the credibility of the privatization endeavors.
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