Chapter II evolution of stock exchanges
Impediments to the Development of (KSE)
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2.4.9 Impediments to the Development of (KSE)
The Khartoum Sock Market, in common with many other developing markets, is severely constrained due to low market capitalization, few listed companies, low liquidity, few stocks and information and disclosure deficiencies. Lack of adherence to internationally recognized accounting regimes and audited financial statements among the majority of the 285 registered firms in Sudan‘s formal economy (Ali, 2007). Differences between Sudanese accounting conventions and international counterparts as well as the lack of knowledge to their implementation further hinder attempts to extend the equity market and gain new listings.
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Onour (2004) found that there is inefficiency in the Khartoum Stock Exchange Market. Since the inefficiency of the stock market imply asymmetry of information on the part of the market participants, greater focus should be directed towards disclosure and transparency requirements. The local market also has a highly concentrated brokerage industry with one dominant broker. Brokerage is dominated by government control and lacks sufficient capitalization for market development. The most critical issue is the need to eliminate existing impediments for institutional development. These include a wider dissemination of information on these markets, the implementation of robust electronic trading systems, and the adoption of central depository systems (Yartey, 2007).
Poverty in the Sudan is deeply entrenched and is largely rural. In 2002 some 20 million people were living below the poverty line of less than US$1 a day. About 19 million people (85%) of the rural population — are estimated to be living in extreme poverty. Most of them struggle to feed themselves and their families and have little or no access to safe drinking water and health services. The United Nations Development Programme‘s Human Development Index ranks Sudan 61st among the 77 least developed country in the world (Rural Poverty Portal, n.d). Consequently savings rates which are consistently under 7 percent of GDP are amongst the lowest in the developing world, and disposable income is largely used for consumption rather than long term savings and pensions
)Hearn, 2008). Lack of understanding of a market culture reinforced by a low savings rate further impedes the effectiveness of the exchange in complying with Islamic shari‘ya directives of the equitable redistribution of wealth. The Ongoing conflict and civil unrest facilitate the further concentration of wealth in the Northern industrialized urban centers and amongst existing social elites who have access to the formal financial systems. High costs of capital lead to a lack of competitiveness, particularly for firms that can list on foreign markets where there are stronger institutions.
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