Chapter: lexicology and its object subject matter of Lexicology

3.Criteria of semantic derivation
In converted pairs the derived word and the underlying word are connected with each other in their meaning. The derived verb shows the act performed by the thing denoted by the noun. For example. «to finger» means «to touch -with the fmger», «to hand)) means «to give the hand», «to help with the hand», «/o train means «to go by train, «to bus)) means «to go by bus)), «to week-end)) means «to spend the week-end)). Derived nouns denote the act or the result of an action. For example. «a knock» means «.the result ofknocking», «a cut)) means «the result of cutting», «a call)) means «the result of calling», a find means «the result of finding», «a run)) means «the result ofnmning». Synchronically it is difficult to define which of the two words within a converted pair is the derived member. How should we say that one of the members of converted pairs is a derived word?
The problem of the criterion of semantic derivation was raised in linguistic literature not so long ago. Prof. Smirnitsky was the first to put forward the theory of semantic derivation in his book on English Lexicology. Later on P. A, Soboleva 1 developed Smirnitsky's ideas and worked out three more criteria.
1) If the lexical meaning of the root morpheme coincides with the lexico -grammatical meaning of the stem we say that the noun has the simple stem. For example man (n) — man (v), father (n) — father (v), map (n) — map (u), paper(a) — paper (v). The noun is the name for a concrete thing here the verbs map, man. father, paper denote a process, therefore the lexico-grammatical meaning of their stems does not coincide with the lexical meaning of the roots which is of a substantival character.
2) According to analogous synonymic word pairs like converse — conversation, exhibit — exibition, occupy — occupation we say in converted pairs work (v}— work (n), show (v), —show (n) chat fv) —chat(ft) the verb has the simple stem.
3) if the noun has more derivatives than the verb, the verb is a derived word
in converted pairs and vice versa.
For example, hand (n) — handed, handful, handy, handless etc. hand (v) — handable. Here the verb «handf> is formed from the noun «Hand»,
because the noun has more derivatives than the verb.