Chemistry and catalysis advances in organometallic chemistry and catalysis
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703 704 POSTSCRIPT: A SHORT HISTORY OF THE ICOMC CONFERENCES 2 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE ICOMC CONFERENCES The rapid development of organometallic chemistry starting around 1951 when the discovery of ferrocene led to a significant increase in the number of research groups active in this evolving field of research. Early on, it became apparent that a forum for the exchange of results and ideas for chemists working in the field would be helpful in the development of organometallic chemistry. A first meeting of organometalic chemists named “Symposium in Organometallic Compounds” was held at the University of British Columbia. This symposium attracted a total of 79 attendees (78 from the United States and Canada and one from the United Kingdom). The symposium, however, was not considered to have been the first ICOMC, probably because of the limited number of attendees from only three countries. The first ICOMC, then named “Current Trends in Organometallic Chemistry” was held at the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, from June 12 to 15, 1963. The meeting, organized by Professor R. E. Dessy, attracted 119 participants with 21 foreign participants representing eight countries. The successor to this meeting, the “Second International Symposium on Organometallic Chemistry” held during August 30–September 3 in Madison, Wisconsin, is considered as ICOMC-II. This meeting already attracted 238 participants. Among them were 55 foreign participants from 15 countries. The “Third Symposium on Organometallic Chemistry,” designated as ICOMC-III, was organized by Professor E. O. Fischer in Munich from August 1–September 1, 1967. The number of participants again increased significantly to 395 with 340 foreign participants representing 24 countries. A subsequent meeting in Bristol was held during July 27–August 1, 1969, and was termed the “Fourth International Conference on Organometallic Chemistry” (Fig. 1). The title “International Conference on Organometallic Chemistry” has been applied ever since. For the Bristol and all subsequent meetings, a sketch of the metallocene was adopted as the logo for the ICOMC conferences (Fig. 1). Even though the chairmen of the first ICOMC conferences are no longer engaged with organometallic chemistry, their vision and foresight have been clearly major factors in the development of the “International Conferences on Organometallic Chemistry.” Since the first meeting in 1963, conferences were held in many countries across four continents, including the Figure 1 Cover of the program for ICOMC-IV. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE ICOMC CONFERENCES 705 TABLE 1 Selected Statistics for the ICOMC Conferences Chairman
Year No.
Venue Total Number of Participants Foreign
Participants Countries Represented R. E. Dessy 1963 I
119 21 9 R. C. West 1965
II Madison
238 55 16 E. O. Fischer 1967
III Munich
395 340
24 F. G. A. Stone 1969 IV
600 450
25 A. N. Nesmeyanov 1971 V
965 455
26 M. D. Rausch 1973 VI
550 155
26 U. Croatto 1975 VII
Venice 440
380 27 Y. Ishii 1979 VIII
Kyoto 642
212 24 J. Tirouflet 1981 IX Dijon 950 687
37 H. C. Clark 1983 X
494 399
29 E. G. Ashby 1985 XI
289 109
21 K. Schl¨ogl 1985 XII
Vienna 750
721 40 F. Calderazzo 1988 XIII
Turin 597
425 34 J. P. Oliver 1990 XIV
Detroit 283
159 29 S. Pasynkiewicz 1992 XV Warsaw 202 155
29 M. F. Lappert 1994 XVI
Brighton 750
540 39 C. Raston 1996 XVII
Brisbane 427
282 34 H. Schmidbaur 1998 XVIII
Munich 916
375 43 C. T. Qian and L. X. Dai 2000 XIX
Shanghai 481
234 29 C. G. Screttas 2002 XX Corfu 680 662
42 M. D. Fryzuk 2004 XXI
Vancouver 397
286 31 L. A. Oro 2006 XXII
Zaragoza 1154
810 50 P. H. Dixneuf and C. Bruneau 2008 XXIII
Rennes 1281
1056 50 J.-T. Chen and Y. Chi 2010 XXIV
Taipei 749
496 35 A. J. L. Pombeiro 2012 XXV
Lisbon 1218
1102 54 United States, Germany, England, France, Canada, Italy, Russia, Greece, Poland, Australia, Austria, Japan, Spain, China, and Taiwan (for a full listing see Table 1). Immediately after the first ICOMC conferences, it became apparent that international meetings involving organometallic chemists were both useful and successful. It was also clear that some coordination between groups of organometallic chemists was becoming necessary. The rapid growth and expansion of the organometallic community was discussed by colleagues attending the ICOMC-VI held in Amherst in 1973. After considerable discussions, Professor Eddie Abel of the University of Exeter was invited to serve as coordinator for the ICOMC conferences. He accepted this request and chose the title of Permanent Secretary of the ICOMC. Professor Abel was a very successful and organized organometallic chemist. His organizational abilities were also recognized and appreciated by his university, the University of Exeter. In 1988, he was selected as president of that prestigious institution. Owing to his many administrative duties as president of the University of Exeter, it became necessary for him to give up his active research programs, and his position as Permanent Secretary of the ICOMC. At the ICOMC-XXIII, which was held in Turin in 1988, Professor Fausto Calderazzo discussed this matter with several members of the ICOMC’s International Advisory Board. Professor Marvin Rausch, chairman of ICOMC-VI in 1973, was at this time heavily involved with ICOMC business and had served on the International Advisory Boards of various ICOMC conferences. Professor Calderazzo and other colleagues invited Marvin Rausch to take over the position of Eddie Abel as Permanent Secretary, and he accepted. Marvin Rausch told me later that it became a gratifying experience to be associated with a prestigious series of international conferences such as the ICOMC. He served for 16 years as Permanent Secretary (1988–2004) and found it very enjoyable to interact and collaborate with colleagues all over the world. He also established a collection of pictures, programs, correspondence, and reports for all ICOMCs between 1963 and 2004. This valuable collection was later given to the current Permanent Secretary. Owing to health problems, Professor Rausch suggested in 2004 to initiate a search for a new Permanent Secretary to replace him in the near future. During the ICOMC-XXI 2004 in Vancouver, the International Advisory Board selected Professors M. Fryzuk, P. Dixneuf, and L. Oro to seek out any persons who might be interested in the position of Permanent Secretary to take over from Professor 706 POSTSCRIPT: A SHORT HISTORY OF THE ICOMC CONFERENCES Marvin Rausch. At the time, these three colleagues were either chairperson of the current ICOMC or were elected to be chairpersons of upcoming ICOMCs. This committee decided to offer the position of Permanent Secretary to Professor F. Ekkehardt Hahn from the University of M¨unster who gladly accepted it. Professor Hahn studied chemistry at the Technische Universit¨at Berlin (Dipl.-Chem. and Dr. rer. nat. with H. Schumann) and the University of Oklahoma (M.S. with J. J. Zuckerman). He was a postdoctoral associate at the University of California, Berkeley (with K. N. Raymond). After the Habilitation at the Technische Universit¨at Berlin and an appointment as Associate Professor at the Freie Universit¨at Berlin (1992–1996), he accepted the position as Chair of Inorganic Chemistry at the University of M¨unster, a position which he still holds. My tenure as Permanent Secretary of ICOMC started in the fall of 2004. From the beginning on, I have found this job in fact very enjoyable. I attended the first ICOMC in 1990 (ICOMC-XIV in Detroit) and have participated in all subsequent ICOMCs. As my predecessor Marvin Rausch did, I have enjoyed working with organometallic chemists throughout the world. It is particularly satisfying to note the increased participation in the ICOMCs over the past couple of years. An attendance in excess of 1000 active participants (the record stands at 1282 for ICOMC-XXIII in Rennes 2008, or, for foreign participants, at 1102 for the ICOMC-XXV in Lisbon) representing 50 or even more countries (the record stands at 54 countries for the ICOMC-XXV in Lisbon) has become nowadays a reality. This is particularly pleasing when looking back at the humble beginnings of the ICOMC in the 1960s. The ICOMC conferences have indeed become thriving scientific events. In the future, the ICOMC conferences should focus to further increase the participation of doctoral students in the scientific program. While the ICOMC conferences have been held in many countries, there are still white spots on the map. Among these are the whole of Africa and India. With the rapid development of organometallic chemistry in these countries, I am sure ICOMC will move there in the future. Today, we are looking back to an extremely successful series of 25 ICOMC conferences held over the past 50 years. I am sure, this legacy will continue. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author thanks Professor Marvin D. Rausch (deceased May 2, 2008) for his valuable collection of ICOMC memorabilia and Professor Jane Rausch for sending these to the author.
INDEX absorption coefficient, 506, 507 absorption of light, 505, 510 acquired drug resistance, 576 acute liver failure, 548, 552, 557, 558 acyclic diaminocarbenes, 145–153 acylpyrazolones, 280–281 additive electrochemical ligand parameter, 677, 679, 686 aerobic oxidation, 239–242 aerobic photooxygenation, 5 agostic interaction, 360–362 alcoholdehydrogenase, 522 alcohols oxidations, 233–244 alkaline-earths, 359, 364–368, 371–376, 439, 442 alkane functionalization, carboxylation to carboxylic acids, 9, 20–22, 286, 288, 290–291 C −H activation, 3–12, 16, 19–22, 33–35, 39, 41–55, 60–68, 73–76 dual-role catalyst, 17, 23 hydrocarboxylation to carboxylic acids, 9, 20–22, 29, 33–36 metal-free, 20, 21 multinuclear catalysts, 17, 18 nontransition metal catalyst, 19 oxidation of cyclohexane, 5–11, 16, 30–32, 286, 288–291 oxidation to alcohols and ketones, 5–11, 15–20, 31, 32, 60, 63, 66, 286–290
oxidation to alkyl hydroperoxides, 5–11, 19 radical mechanism, 6–11, 19, 21, 22, 32–35, 286, 290, 291 water role, 18–21 alkenylation, 82–84, 89, 90 alkoxycarbene complexes, 678, 682, 685, 686 alkyl hydroperoxides, 5, 8 alkylaromatics, 62 alkylbenzenes, 60, 62 alkynes functionalization, 207, 209–211, 214, 221 alkynyls, 678, 679, 682, 685 allenes functionalization, 207, 209–210, 214, 216, 220 allenylidenes, 678, 679, 682, 684, 685 alsterpaullone, 607
First Edition. Edited by Armando J. L. Pombeiro. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Published 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. amavadin, 21, 22 amidophenolate, 667, 668, 670, 671 aminocarbene complexes, 114–129, 134–141, 146–153, 238, 653, 656, 678, 682, 685, 686 aminopolyalcohols, 16, 18 ammonia borane, 529, 531–533 anaerobic oxidation, 236–237, 239–240 anchoring ligands, 505, 509 ancillary ligands, 505–509 anionic chelating ligands, 485 anisotropy, 482 ansa-ferrocenes, 161, 570 ansa-metallocenes, 157 ansa-nickelocene, 163 ansa-ruthenocenes, 161 ansa-zirconocene dichloride, 167, 168 anthracene, 65 anti-apoptotic, 546, 547 antibacterial and antifungal activity, 573 anti-cancer drugs, 556, 564, 565, 574, 605–615, 633, 638, 640, 642, 644, 650
mechanism of action, 563–575 anti-inflammatory, 545–547, 552, 554 anti-oxidants, 547 anti-proliferative, 546–547 anti-proliferative activity, 569–572 anti-tumor (see anti-cancer), apoptosis, 547, 565, 575, 576 apoptosis-resistant primary cancers, 575 aqueous medium reactions, 15, 17–25, 27, 28, 30, 35, 199–204 arene (
η 6 ) complex, 476, 609–611, 613, 614 artificial leaf, 521, 522 artificial photosynthesis, 521, 524 arylhydrazones of β-diketone (AHBD) complexes, 16–18 astrocytes, 546 asymmetric synthesis, 366–376, 465–468 autotrophic organisms, 521
708 INDEX
axial chirality, 164 azoderivatives of β-diketone (ADB) complexes, 17 azolium cations, 114, 122, 125 Baeyer-Villiger reaction, 291–293 bamboo structures, 453, 454 barium, 359–376 base,
pyridine, 101, 102, 635, 636, 646, 647 imidazole, 635, 636, 638–641, 643 collidine, 641 bent metallocene, 165, 169 benzene ligand, 681–683 benzene oxidation, 11, 12 benzenepolycarboxylic acids, 16, 18, 29–32 benzoxazolin-2-ylidene ligands, 120 biliverdin, 546 binary oxide materials, matrices for luminescence materials, 443 perovskites, 438, 440, 442 phosphors, 443 spinels, 438, 440, 442 binuclear metal complexes, 17, 28–30, 507, 508, 537 bioavailability of polyphenols, 574 bioconjugative desulfitative catalysis, 295–302 biology,
chemical biology, 563, 564 organometallic chemical biology, 563, 564 inorganic chemical biology, 563 biomimetic, 23, 68 bioorganometallic chemistry, 543, 549, 563–575, 582–586, 589–601, 608–615, 621–628 bis(pyrazolyl)azine, 277–278 black dye, 505, 506 blue-shift, 486, 487 bond activation, B–H, 308, 310, 311 C–F, 39, 51 C–H (see alkane functionalization), C–O, 41, 42 C–X, 73–78 M–H, 97–108 O–H, 97–108, 306, 307 π-bowl complexes, 473–476, 479, 480 concave complex, 474, 478, 479–482 convex complex, 474, 478, 480, 481 bowl-to-bowl inversion, 475, 476, 479, 481, 482 breast cancer, hormone-dependent, 566, 567, 633 hormone-independent, 566, 567, 570, 571, 573, 633, 635, 647 Buchwald-Hartwig amination, 153 buckybowl, 473 cacodyl oxide, xi calcium, 360–376 cancer stem cells, 615 cancer therapy, 581–586 carbenes (see aminocarbenes), carbon chemistry, 445, 459–470 carbon dioxide, 15, 513–525, 529, 532, 536 carbon fibers, 445, 449, 450, 452 carbon nanotubes, 445–447, 451–455, 473, 476 carbon spheres, 446, 451, 455 carbon-based scorpionates, 15–17, 285–293, 683 carbon materials, 445–456 carbon monoxide dehydrogenase, 523 carbon recycling, 513, 520–524 carbon tax, 517 carboplatin, 605, 606 carbonyl metalloimmunoassay (CMIA), 564 carbonylation 3, 259–268 (see also alkane functionalization), carborane functionalization, 81–94 carboryne, 81–94 carboxyhemoglobin (COHb), 549–551, 553, 558 carboxylic acids, 16, 17, 20–22, 29–32, 102, 259, 260, 262, 264, 266, 507–509 carboxymyoglobin (COMb), 550 carbynes, 678, 679, 682, 685 cardiomyocytes, 546, 554 ( +)-3-carene, 64, 65 catalysis, alcohol oxidation, 234–244 alkane carboxylation and hydrocarboxylation (see alkane functionalization), alkane oxidation (see alkane functionalization), aqueous media, 15–21, 27–36, 199–204, 285–293 Baeyer-Villiger oxidation of ketones, 291–293 click, 199–204 cooperative, 325–334, 338 cross coupling, 145, 147–153 glycerol oxidation, 247–255 homogeneous, 3–12, 15–22, 27–36, 39–55, 59–68, 139–141, 199–204, 207–223, 227–231, 233–239, 247–255, 259–268, 285–293, 305–314, 315–322 heterogeneous, 66, 239–244 hydroamination, 319 metal-organo, 295–297, 325–339 methanol carbonylation, 259–268 multicatalysis, 325–339 olefin epoxidation, 19 oxidation, 3–11, 15–22, 32, 60–64, 305–308 polymerization, 157–160, 321,345–357, 359–376, 391, 395–397, 399 relay, 326, 338 sequential, 326, 334, 335 sulfides oxidation, 305–308 sulfone formation, 305–314 sulfoxidations, 227–231 sulfoxide oxidation and reduction, 305–314 supported, 227–231, 240, 242, 289 catalyst-carbon interaction, 448 catalysts (see metal catalysts and complexes), catalytic dipolar cycloadditions, azides and alkynes: synthesis of substituted triazoles, 200, 202–203 aqueous media reactions, 199–204 N-metalated azomethine ylides, 465–470 catechol, 569 catecholborane, B-H activation, 308 sulfoxide reduction, catalysed by Mo complexes, 310 cdk (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitors, 605–615 cell membrane, 584, 586 C–F bond activation (see bond activation), C–F bond cleavage, 51–53 to form difluorocarbene complexes, 53 C–H bond activation (see alkane functionalization), charge collection, 505 charge separation, 505, 521, 522, 524, 525 Chatt-Dewar-Duncanson model, xii chelate ring size, 185–186, 189, 192
INDEX 709 chemical biology, 563, 564 chemoautotrophs, 521 chemosensor, 490 chiral fullerenes, 465 chlorins, 66–67 chlorotricarbonyl rhenium(I), 507 circular dichroism, 466, 467, 469 cis-cyclooctene, 65–66 cisplatin, 564, 565, 574, 575 C–O bond activation (see bond activation), C–O bond cleavage, 40, 44, 51 CO based therapies, 545–558 CO targets, 546–548, 551 cobalt bis(dicarbollide), derivatives, 73–74, 76 coiled carbon, 450, 455 commercial PV electrolyzers, 525 competition experiment, 43, 45 between methyl and ethyl aryl ethers, 45 composite organometallic materials, 386, 394, 397 concentrators of solar power (CSP), 520 conduction-band level, 506 π-conjugated moieties, 505 π-conjugation length, 486, 487 contrast agents, blood pool agents, 625 exchange lifetime of water molecules, 623 first coordination sphere, 623 gadolinium chelates, 621, 623 iron oxide-based contrast agents, 624 non-specific extracellular agents, 625 number of coordinated water molecules, 623 organ-specific agents, 625 relaxivity, 623 re-orientational correlation time, 623 responsive agents, 625 targeting agents, 625 T 1
T 2 contrast agents, 624 T 1 -weighted image, 620 T 2 -weighted image, 620 controlled-potential electrolysis, 655 convection enhanced delivery (CED), 574, 575 cooperative (or synergistic) catalysis, 325–334, 338 coordination polymers (CPs), 17, 18, 27–35, 407–418 coordinative chain transfer polymerization, conjugated dienes (isoprene, butadiene, myrcene) 347, 349–353, 356 ethylene, 346–349, 351–355 polymer chain shuttling, 345–346, 353, 355 sequenced copolymers, 353 statistical copolymers, 347, 352–353, 357 styrene, 347, 350–354 copper(II) azolate CPs, mono and trinuclear Secondary Building Units (SBU), 408, 411–412, 415, 417
copper carboxylates, 296–298, 411, 415 copper catalysts, alkane hydrocarboxylation, 21, 29, 30, 33 alkane oxidation, 15–23, 30, 32, 33, 35, 286–289, 415 alcohol oxidation, 23, 234–235, 237–238 aqueous media reactions, 17, 18, 27–36, 199–204 click chemistry reactions, 199–204 fullerene synthesis, 463–466 glycerol oxidation, 252, 254 copper complexes, 17, 18, 21, 27–36, 234–235, 286–289, 408, 411–412, 415, 417 corannulene, 473–479 CORM (CO Releasing Molecule), CORM-A1, 549 drug like CORMs, 556 enzyme triggered CORMs, 555, 556 esterase, 555 experimental CORMs, 549–553, 556 iCORM-3, 550, 551, 553 inactivated CORMs, 550 Mo(0)-based CORMs, 551 organic CORMs, 549 phosphatase, 555 photoCORMs, 556 Ru(II)-based CORMs, 549 counter electrode, 504, 505, 508 coupling reactions, 209, 217, 220, 222 covalent grafting, 642 cross-coupling catalysis, 145, 147–153 crystal structure, 694, 697–699 C-scorpionates, 285–293, 683 Cu-catalyzed desulfitative coupling, 298–299 Cu-desulfitative catalysis, 298–299 cumene, 62, 64 current–voltage features, 507 curved carbon π surface, 473 cyanamides, 679 cyclam based liands, 315–322 cyclam functionalization, 321 cyclic GMP (cGMP, cyclic guanosine monophosphate), 547 cyclic voltammetry, 635–651, 655, 670, 672, 674, 692–699 cyclin dependent kinases, 606 cycloadditions, azide-alkyne, 199–204 [2 +2+2], 81–87, 91–93 [2 +3] dipolar, 171–176, 178, 465–470 cycloalkanes, 3–10, 15–18, 27–36, 60, 63, 286–291 cycloalkenes, 62, 65–66 cyclodextrins, 633, 634, 644–649 cyclododecane, 60, 61 cyclohexane, 3–10, 15–18, 27–36, 60, 286–291 cyclohexane oxidation, 3–10, 15–18, 27–36, 60, 289–290, 415 cyclohexanol, 3–10, 15–18, 27–36, 60, 286–291, 415 cyclohexanone, 3–10, 15–18, 27–36, 60, 286–291, 415 cyclohexene, 65 cyclohexyl hydroperoxide, 5–7, 31 cyclooctane, 3, 8, 10, 11, 60, 66 cyclopentadienyl, 133–141, 158–169, 681, 682 cyclopentadienyl metal complexes, 136–141, 158–169, 581–586 p-cymene, 62, 537, 681, 682 cytochrome c oxidase, 546, 548 cytoprotection, 546, 547, 548, 554 cytostatic properties, 575 cytotoxic effect, 567, 573 cytotoxic species, imino methide, 642 orthoquinone, 640 quinone methide, 633, 636–638, 643, 644, 646, 647, 649, 650 cytotoxicity, 552, 558, 581, 583, 584, 586 DC-polarography, 655 decamethylosmocene, 8
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