Chtoik questions and answers. Factors influencing the second language acquisition?

CHTOIK QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS.
1.Factors influencing the second language acquisition?
One important contribution to the bilingualism field is what researchers Dr. Stephen Krashen and Tracy Terrella made clear many years ago. They came up with the 5 stages of second language acquisition that children experience when they learn an additional language. Krashen’s (1983) stages of SLA are pre-production, early production, speech emergence, intermediate fluency, and advanced fluency. To learn more about the stages of second language acquisition, you can visit one of my most visited posts here.
The stages of second language acquisition define language learners’ or bilingual children’s trajectory as they learn an additional language. This includes what a learner is able to do at each stage. Everyone experiences these stages at some point. What changes among learners, is the amount of time it takes to acquire a language, depending on the below factors that influence language acquisition.
Researchers are constantly investigating the effects of bilingualism and language acquisition. Some children are born in bilingual environments, but others may only be exposed to one language. No matter what your child’s environment may be, what truly matters is that as parents we can support language acquisition. What researchers investigate relates to how either environment can influence language acquisition. Some of these factors include age, aptitude, native language characteristics, learning and language environment, motivation, and cognitive abilities.
2.What is aptitiude?
Aptitude is the natural ability to learn or perform in a specific area. It is often the case that a person has a number of aptitudes that complement each other and combine to help them succeed at specific tasks. For example, you could have an aptitude for math and logic, which together are likely to help you excel in probability and statistics.
Types of aptitude
Let’s explore the different types of aptitude so you can identify your own:

Linguistic aptitude: Linguistic aptitude is the ability to learn a foreign language with ease. If you have this aptitude, you may find it easy to learn the structure of a new language and memorize words and phrases quickly. You may excel in learning how to read and write in a new language as well.

STEM aptitude: STEM (science, technology, engineering and math) covers a wide range of aptitudes. If you have an aptitude in a STEM field, you may find that you excel in solving mathematical problems. You could also find biology or chemistry simpler than others, or you may find it easy to adapt to new technology.
Artistic aptitude: Artistic aptitude is the ability to create a work that's pleasing to an audience. If you have this aptitude, you are probably a visual learner and enjoy finding ways to be creative. You may find it pleasing to arrange things in visually stimulating ways.
Mechanical aptitude: With this aptitude, you most likely know how parts of a machine work together, and you may enjoy building, taking apart or fixing objects. You are probably a hands-on learner who benefits from understanding how and why complex parts work.
Physical aptitude: Physical aptitude is natural bodily ability. You could have several types of physical aptitude, such as excellent hand-eye coordination, strength or agility.
Organizational aptitude: Organizational aptitude involves the ability to arrange and operate efficiently. If you have this aptitude, you may enjoy planning work trips and creating slides for a presentation. You may find it pleasing to organize and prioritize tasks and data at work.
Spatial aptitude: Spatial aptitude is a natural ability to understand the relationship between objects. If you have this ability, you are likely to be a visual thinker who can easily imagine or create 3D models.
Logical aptitude: Logical aptitude is the ability to examine problems and find rational solutions. If you have a logical aptitude, you can process information efficiently and make a conclusion based on facts. You can also account for all the separate pieces of a project and bring them together in a coherent way.

3.Types of attitude?

An attitude describes persons’ enduring favorable or unfavorable cognitive evaluations, feelings, and action tendencies toward some object or idea. People have attitudes regarding almost everything such as religion, politics, cloth, music, food.
Attitudes are also known as “frames of reference“. They provide the background against which facts and events are viewed.
In simple words, an “attitude” is an individual’s way of looking or an individual’s point of view at something.
Types of Attitude
There are broadly three types of attitude in term of organisational behavior;
1.Job satisfaction
2.Job involvement
3.Organizational commitment
Job satisfaction.
A collection of positive and/or negative feelings that an individual holds toward his or her job.A person will hold a positive attitude if had a high level of satisfaction, while dissatisfied people will generally display a negative attitude towards life.When we talk about attitude, we generally speak about job satisfaction because they are inter-related in organizational behaviour.
Job involvement
Job involvement refers to the degree to which a person identifies himself (psychologically) with his job, actively participates and considers his perceived performance level important to self-worth. (Robbins)

Higher job satisfaction leads to low absenteeism & employee turnover and indicates that the individual cares for his job.

Organizational commitment
Organizational commitment refers to a degree to which an employee identifies himself with the organizational goals and wishes to maintain membership in the organization.Resigning from the job or absenting versus job satisfaction is a predictor of organizational commitment. Organizational commitment depends upon the degree of autonomy & freedom job and job enrichment factor.

4.Languge learning styles?

There’s more to learning a language than just reading, watching videos, or attending English language courses. In order to make the most out of your attempts at learning English, you could first try to determine what type of language learner you are.

Why is this important? Because not every language learning activity is perfectly suited for every learning style. Some are more suitable for one learning style, while others are more suitable for a different learning style.

That is why determining your style of learning should be the first thing on your list. In general, there are eight learning styles that are most common among people – four perceptual, two cognitive, and two that have to do with the learner’s personality.
Perceptual learning styles – Four of the most common learning styles have to do with how individuals perceive the world around them, i.e. what is their “main” of the perceptive senses.
Visual learners – Those people with a tendency for visual learning love reading, as they enjoy seeing the words and the letters in front of them. Also, they enjoy making language connections through flashcards or photographs.
Auditory learners – As the name suggests, auditory learners love to learn through sound. They immensely enjoy interacting and conversing with others. They do not need to see words in writing.
Tactile learners – Those English language learners who have an affinity for the tactile enjoy manipulating various teaching materials while learning a language. They love what’s known as hand-on work.
Kinesthetic learners – These kinds of learners enjoy taking long brakes and being physically active while learning English. They don’t enjoy sitting behind desks for extended periods of time and they like to move around while learning.

5. Difference between language learning and language acquisition?

The key difference between language acquisition and language learning is that language acquisition is subconscious learning, whereas language learning is conscious learning.
Language acquisition is considered a first-hand exposure to a language. Here, students learn via practical knowledge. Meanwhile, language learning refers to studying a language through formal instructions and following theoretical methods.
What is the Difference Between Language Acquisition and Language Learning?
Language acquisition is the unconscious learning of a language while being constantly exposed to the language, while language learning is learning a language through a formal education method where direct instructions and rules are provided by an educator. This is the key difference between language acquisition and language learning. Moreover, language acquisition involves informal learning while language learning involves formal learning. In addition, language acquisition takes a comparatively shorter time than language learning.
Summary – Language Acquisition vs Language Learning.
Language acquisition is the unconscious learning of a language while being constantly exposed to the language. It is a speedy, natural process. First, a person learns the sounds and vocabulary, and then comes the sentence structures. Language learning, on the other hand, involves using a formal education method to learn a language. It is a conscious process where children are taught all the theoretical aspects through formal education. It is a slow process and focuses much on theory. This is the summary of the difference between language acquisition and language learning.