Class Struggle and This Thing Named
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- Pearl roundabout destroyed. Taliban destruction of Buddhas or Haussmann’s urban development Perhaps a bit of both
- Bahraini ER - Doctors and nurses protest against the treatment of medical staff in February
- Fahrenheit 451 : since the uprising began in Bahrain, journalists have been targeted and arrested by the state
VIII Perhaps a closer look at the shortcomings of communism under Carmathians will throw light on the limitations of contemporary rebels. This was not communism as we know it today. It contained a strong millenarian element, which meant all activities had to be subordinated to the goal of preparing the world for the return of the Mahdi. Of course, this desire for a saviour also encouraged a plethora of charlatans and power-seekers to audition for the role as shamelessly as today’s contestants of the X-factor. Some leaders even used magic to recruit members (Nategh, 1978: 242). In a form of ‘consumer communism’ similar to Mazdaki movements of previous centuries, “all property within the community was distributed evenly among all initiates” (Wikipedia, ‘Qarmatians’). However, this focus on circulation and distribution meant production was not reorganised on a communist basis. A further problem was the Carmathians’ cosmological views. Their revolutionary timetable was hostage to the stars. For example, the sack of Mecca followed millenarian fervour over the conjunction of Saturn and Jupiter in 930 AD (Wikipedia, ‘Qarmatians’). The world is explained as “a sum total of phenomena which repeats themselves in cycles, playing and replaying the same drama” (Houtsma, 1993: 769). This spectacle is presented to gifted intelligences which are then illuminated through the demystification of the illusionary appearance of things (the analogies with Situationist thinking transcends mere semantics here). Once illumination is complete, the liberated intuitions which are no longer fragmented and individualised but have cohered, find themselves “delivered from the five tyrants”: Time, Space, Law, State and (material) Necessity (ibid.). In a very real sense today’s communists are still struggling against the dictatorship of the “five tyrants”. The secrecy and initiation rites promoted by Carmathians, which centuries later, are imported to Europe and characterises the guilds and freemasonry, might have been unavoidable at the beginning when they were weak but became counter-productive as time went on. For instance, they employed a secret language called mogharmat only decipherable to the top brass (Mirfetros, 1999: 53). This might have avoided detection by authorities but it also impeded debate. The leader of the insurrection in 890 AD was named Hamdan al-Qarmat who established an “entrenched place of retreat” for his partisans (not all that different from today’s unions, social centres and squats) but far better organised and far more serious about taking on the forces of authority. The strict discipline demanded of the rank-and-file and the accompanying rites had the unfortunate consequence of cementing hierarchies amongst the adherents (Nategh, 1978: 242). The ritualistic, secretive, cosmological and hierarchal tendencies within the movement made further militarisation inevitable. As Carmathians became more dependent on military conquest, the social dimension of their practice suffered. The defeat of their campaigns against orthodoxy in Syria and Iraq heralded the long decline, a point worth remembering when 238 contemporary rebels in Libya and Syria are encouraged by ‘western’ powers to take on the state by force of arms. But if we find it difficult to identify with the ritualistic component or the cosmological element of your views, it is easier to appreciate how contemporaries may fall for your focus on rationality, scientific and mathematical constants and intellectual leadership. Many secular rank-and-file activists are still entranced by these qualities embodied in individuals who are then granted undue power and influence. IX If we turn our gaze back to contemporary events we notice many of the weaknesses (and some of the strengths) of the Carmathian movement reanimated. On the positive side there has been resistance to the monarchy, in both villages and cities, since at least the 1980s. The elites have deliberately starved rural areas from investment in order to turn peasants into (urban) proletarians and additionally because these areas are mostly populated by the despised Shi’a. According to Carlstrom “many of Bahrain's villages lack basic services - connections to the municipal sewage grid, regular garbage collection, etc” (Al Jazeera, 2011f). Rural demands are, echoing urban areas, socio-economic in nature and non-sectarian. Pearl roundabout destroyed. Taliban destruction of Buddhas or Haussmann’s urban development? Perhaps a bit of both? 239 Many villagers have played a prominent role in city protests. There have been recent victories for workers. For example, wildcat strikes by poultry workers in January 2011 signalled a mood change amongst the workforce. An early strike by 750 workers won wage rises from a contacting firm in February, followed by a second strike that combined wage demands with better health care (Libertarian Communism website, 2011c). Oil workers won their fight for a two-month annual bonus in March of this year from the Bahrain Petroleum Company (Libertarian Communism website, 2011a). Some 5,000 construction workers, who were owed backpay, went on strike recently and received their wages immediately (Libertarian Communism website, 2011b). Even foreign construction workers (the most precarious section of the proletariat) have bucked the trend by going on successful strikes. The solidarity displayed seems genuine and path-breaking. When during February 2011 demonstrators in the Pearl Roundabout (Manama) chant, “No Shia, no Sunni, only Bahraini”, this should not be falsely interpreted as cementing a nationalist consciousness. Rather it is a ‘pre-emptive strike’ by savvy rebels against future attempts to create divisions amongst them- attempts that materialised a couple of months later when the elite began portraying the resistance as a Shi’a conspiracy. In this context, one of the more consistent demands of protestors has been the removal of the long serving prime minister, “Sheikh Khalifa bin Salman Al-Khalifa – who is regarded as having oppressed the majority shia population for many years and thus enforcing sectarian divisions” (Davidson, 2011a). In a sign that the ruling elite has lost hegemony (Gramsci) and is now ruling largely through force and fear, a Sunni activist is quoted by the BBC as saying: “The al-Khalifas are not protecting the country, only themselves. They are criminals. They should go” (BBC, 2011). When one section of the state is busy kidnapping, threatening rape and urinating on journalists and prominent businessmen and another faction is trying to salvage the Formula One Grand Prix season after 28 of its 108 local staff have already been arrested, one is reminded of the Titanic and the rearranging of the deckchairs (Cockburn, 2011c). [7] The rebels also claimed “We have no leaders” both as an accurate account of the spontaneous nature of resistance and in order to safeguard spokespersons from future arrests. This is a valid account of things as they stand since no group or current has gained supremacy within the opposition movement, with Marxists, Islamists, liberals all presenting a coherent front. Teachers and doctors have led calls for people to strike. This autonomous zone was characterised by collective debate and decision making. It might have been billed as the “day of rage” but what transpired was more akin to carnival at first which quickly turned ugly: “Q: What began to unfold at the Pearl Roundabout after February 14th? A: It was more like a celebration than a protest. It was like a carnival, we even had popcorn vendors. People were chanting, women and children were there and tents were erected. The night before the Pearl Roundabout was attacked we began to see and hear Government broadcasts that said that soldiers were coming” (Socialist Aotearoa, 2011). It is worth remembering that the nascent Bahraini feminist movement has been gaining momentum in recent years. Gains, such as the right to vote and run for office (2002) and 40% employment rate amongst women (2001, est.), may seem insignificant and even bourgeois by the standards of better established feminist 240 movements around the world but they go some way in explaining the enthusiastic participation of women in the protests. Lately they have become radicalised, taking it upon themselves, for instance, to nullify the state’s attempt to orchestrate sectarian strife. A group calling itself “Women for Bahrain” has launched a unity petition and is trying to eliminate sectarian hate messages being texted through Blackberry between youths (Al Jazeera, 2011j). Whilst using the Pearl Roundabout as a base for organisation and political discussion, the rebels were fully cognizant of the real seat of power in Bahrain- the ‘Financial Harbour’ banking district- a bourgeois zone intended to continue capital accumulation by-all-means- necessary, now that Bahraini gas and oil are running out. When they blockaded the Financial Harbour on 13 March, they dealt “a severe reputational blow to the ruling family and to Bahrain’s economy, causing credit default swaps to rise dramatically” (Davidson, 2011a). The recent $10bn aid package from oil producing Gulf States is intended to upgrade housing and infrastructure and generate jobs as a sop to the marginalised poor. But it was obviously felt that tomorrow’s carrot has to be preceded by today’s stick. The cancelling of flights to Iran, Iraq and Lebanon by the Bahraini state owned Gulf Air was a prelude to a country-wide lock down beckoning the crackdown. On 15 March the Al-Khalifa invited 1000-1200 Saudi troops to Bahrain and on 18 March the Pearl Roundabout was bulldozed in order to protect its “honour” against further “desecration” by “vile” anti-government protestors (Wikipedia, ‘Pearl Roundabout’). [8] The demolition was carried out in three hours when the movement was busy burying two of its dead elsewhere (Chulov, 2011). It merely acted to further radicalise the protestors’ demands who now demanded the abolition of the monarchy. X Architectural hooliganism by the regime has been followed by merciless attacks on wounded protestors and medical staff who treat them. The country’s largest hospital, Salmaniya, was actually taken over by Bahraini forces on 16 th March on the grounds it had been “overrun by political and sectarian activity” (Solomon, 2011). At least nine other health centres have also been targeted (Laurence, 2011b). The Independent reports that “One doctor, an intensive care specialist, was held after she was photographed weeping over a dead protester. Another was arrested in the theatre room while operating on a patient” (Laurance, 2011a). One consultant and family physician was sworn at, called a “dirty Shia” and a “whore” and forced into singing the national anthem (Laurence, 2011b). The latest reports indicate 20 doctors, nurses and paramedics have been sentenced to up to 15 years in prison (Cockburn, 2011d). Other reports suggest a security force as inept as it is brutal. “Anonymous groups” with access to Facebook details have published names, phones, home and work addresses, car registration and ID numbers of civil rights activists (BBC, 2011). The state has attempted to 241 Free acid for rebel doctors! Please don’t shoot. I’m not George Clooney! rally the most reactionary elements of Sunni camp as shock troops against protestors. As Merli reports, “on March 3 Sheik Abdel Aziz Mahmood addressed a crowd of thousands of Sunnis gathered at the al Fatah Mosque to support the monarchy, inciting them to sweep away the mob at the Pearl roundabout” (Merli, 2011). According to The Independent some doctors “… were made to confess that they gave treatment only to Shia protesters and not to Sunnis, stole blood from the hospital to splatter on protesters to make the situation seem more dramatic, and that they encouraged others to protest against the regime” (Laurence, 2011b). Daily interrogations, forced confessions and the disappearance of some medics have created an intimidating environment. Understandably, many wounded protestors choose not to go to the hospital. In our view, there are a number of reasons for the special treatment meted out to medical staff: first, they have born witness to the crimes of the regime and may one day provide evidence in a court of law (not a fanciful notion as Mubarak and wife are currently being prosecuted by Egyptian generals in a pathetic attempt to assuage the anger of Egyptians); second, and more immediately, as technologically savvy members of society, the medical staff can communicate with outsiders and bring further pressure on the regime; third, given the spatially segregated nature of Bahraini proletarians, hospitals have become one of the few places where different sections come together and set up informal networks of solidarity and friendship; fourth, medical staff have protested the regime’s continued attempts to prevent ambulances reaching the wounded; fifth, a high percentage of health workers are Bahraini nationals (%82.5 doctors, 63.5% nurses and 87.6% allied health professionals in 2005 came from indigenous population, cf. Maben et al., 2010: 394), who cannot be easily silenced through deportation; sixth, medicine, especially nursing, does not enjoy as high a status as in the rest of the world and is widely perceived as “unclean”, making it an easier target (Maben, et al. 2010: 395); and finally, the doctors’ trial is beginning to look suspiciously like one of Stalin’s last show trials when he accused a predominantly Jewish group of doctors of trying to assassinate top Soviet officials in 1952. Thankfully, he dies before the end of the trial and the next government dropped the case quietly. The Bahraini ruing class are less governed by Stalin’s paranoia than the need to the expediency of divide and rule. The regime’s fear has escalated into heavy handed persecution of young school girls suspected of attending demos. The interrogators have used mock execution tactics and threats of rape to subdue them (Al Jazeera, 2011c). According to the same report at least 70 teachers have also been detained. Demonstrations on the Bahrain University campus have been broken Bahraini ER- Doctors and nurses protest against the treatment of medical staff in February 242 up by thugs (Al Jazeera, 2011e). There has been a clear attempt to sectarianise the dispute by releasing all Sunni detainees almost immediately and roughing up the Shias. Shops are being black-listed not due to profiteering but because of religious affiliations (Al Jazeera, 2011j). Airline companies, one must suspect under pressure from the state, have sacked “hundreds of mostly Shia workers who went on strike” in solidarity with protestors. Unions called an immediate general strike in support of sacked workers. According to Al Jazeera “more lay-offs are expected at Bahrain Petroleum (Bapco) which has fired the head of its workers’ union” (Al Jazeera, 2011a). In order to underscore the strategy so that no one could be in any doubt the Shia are being targeted, “dozens of Shia mosques” have also been destroyed (Fisk, 2011) and Shia owned businesses and supermarkets torched by pro-government vigilantes (The Independent, 2011b). All physical rallying points (be it secular like the Pearl roundabout or religious meeting places like Husseiniyahs) are being systematically razed to the ground (Cockburn, 2011b). These tactics are clearly designed to create fear and division amongst protestors, although so far their impact seems to have been minimal. If in the future migrant workers join the rebellion, the social clubs frequented by them for socialising (e.g., The Indian Club, The Tamil Social and Cultural Association, etc.) will also become targets of state repression. The media have been dealt with through a two-pronged approach, “it has locked out the foreign media [with the exception of the occasional friendly BBC reporter- MT], and it has locked down local media outlets through a sustained campaign of censorship and intimidation Fahrenheit 451: since the uprising began in Bahrain, journalists have been targeted and arrested by the state “We reached a point where we're scared to even write on our laptops because it's the first thing they take when they invade our homes. So, I keep all the stories in my head.” Bahraini journalist 243 [again with the occasional government sponsored death threat sent via Facebook to prominent activists- MT]” (Al Jazeera, 2011b). The editor of Al-Wasat, a non-governmental paper was tortured to death, as was a popular blogger. In both cases medical staff photographed the post- mortem proving the state’s fabricated narrative of their death. In the case of female journalists, a whispering campaign undermines their character. Things have become so grim that the usually affable Mr Fisk, in a somewhat frisky tone that Melancholic Troglodytes would never stoop to, has castigated Al-Jazeera’s silence over these atrocities as “a dollop of shit in the dignity that they have brought to reporting in the Middle East” (Fisk, 2011). Al-Jazeera has now altered its earlier reticence and is playing catch up! One realises how precarious things are when the political discourse of the ruling elite systematically dehumanises the protesters as “termites”, “white ants” and “stray hyenas”, and when even wealthy footballers risk all and become political rebels. Al’a Hubail (no Maradona, Messi or even Malouda but a jolly decent Bahraini footballer nonetheless) is amongst hundreds of athletes arrested and sacked for attending anti-government rallies (Al Jazeera, 2011d). As a trained paramedic he had provided his active support to the wounded. Once again the state engineered sectarianism by ensuring that all 200 arrested athletes were card-carrying members of the Shia ‘community’. XI The negative impact of a vile mix of repression, propaganda and sectarianism has to some extent undermined the radical instincts of the protestors with many deciding to hide behind preordained identity tags and perform reactionary roles according to traditional scripts available to them. In most cases this means protestors are unwilling to link up with migrant workers and in a few cases there is even explicit racism exercised towards migrant workers. “Asian workers” have been attacked by thugs (Merli, 2011). The problem of racism (the one thing that sadly unites both Sunni and Shi’a parts of Bahrain!) has been very persistent. Gardner reports how young Bahraini men employed in a restaurant would refuse to “wait on Indian customers and that they would only wait on Bahrainis” (Gardner, 2010: 152). More worryingly with “roving gangs of Bahrainis burgling their camps” and teenagers repeatedly attacking the workers on their way to the store, it could be argued that many migrant workers are subjected to state-sanctioned structural violence. The problem is related to the “mudir syndrome” (mudir means boss or manager), when “even the lowliest citizen holds power over the educated and successful transmigrant” let alone the lowly paid and disrespected manual worker (Gardner, 2010: 80). In a retrogressive move thousands of self-identifying Shias have more recently marched outside the immigration office in Manama to “decry the political naturalization” of Sunni 244 newcomers from Arab and South Asian countries (The Independent, 2011b). The clumsy demographic engineering and the consequent electoral gerrymandering by the state, is needless to say, undeniable. It also means the Sunni-Shi’a split could be a great deal more even than people realise. But while discrimination against some Bahraini born individuals who are denied citizenship (and the privileges this label entails in terms of ability to work, buy land, and move around unhindered etc.) needs to be resisted, the targeting of foreign workers only serves to strengthen the state at the expense of all proletarians. It is noteworthy, however, that even during this basically retrograde mobilisation protestors “shouted slogans about Sunni-Shi’a unity, in order to emphasise that the protest was against the government's naturalisation policy, and not against Bahrain’s native Sunni population” (Al Jazeera, 2011h). Given the severe restrictions on migrant workers to organise and demonstrate (political protesting is tantamount to losing one’s job and that in turn leads to immediate deportation), we feel the onus is on ‘citizen-workers’ of Bahrain to provide the space for joint activity. Trans-national linkage with organisations in sender countries defending workers’ rights could be a useful starting point. Another ominous example that would no doubt fill the hearts of Bahraini, Saudi and US rulers with joy occurred in March in the town of Sar. After an anti-government protest by mostly Shia pupils, parents from naturalised families (Sunnis mainly from Syria and Pakistan) turned up to complain, armed with wooden sticks and knives! Then Shia parents arrived and clashes begun. This government organised (Sunni) mobilisation was a response to earlier protests by teachers, pupils and parents (of all background) calling for the resignation of the sectarian education minister (Al Jazeera, 2011g). Download 64.9 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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