Class Struggle and This Thing Named
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- Paul Muad’Dib (George W. Bush), his father Duke Leto Atreides (aka George Bush, Snr.), Lady Jessica of the Weirding (aka Barbra Bush), and The Dog (aka Dick Cheney)
- Julien Torma (assuming he existed!) “Godfathers of Levant”
- Chronology of events in the Levant (The Rising Land) 500,000BC
- 1110 Crusaders marched into Beirut causing a bloodbath. 1201
- 1920 Faisal I ibn Hussein ibn Ali becomes the 1st king Syria (Big name, little brain!) 1921
- 1936-1939 Jews migrate to Palestine as Nazi persecution escalates in Germany. Palestinians launch an uprising against Britain. 1943
- 2000 In Syria President Hafez al-Asad (69), the ‘Lion of Damascus’, dies. His son Bashar al-Asad (34) is named his successor. 2001
- 2005 Melancholic Troglodytes throat-gag Zizek, who remains totally silent during the 32 second ordeal! The masses rejoice! 2007
- Maps of the Levant Melancholic Troglodytes
- Levant in relationship to the rest of the Middle East 144
- Statistics of the Levant 2010 CIA ESTIMATES Syria Lebanon Israel Population
- Class-conscious proletarians 14.5 % 19 % 7.1% Unemployment rate 8.5 % 9.2 % 7.6 % Gross Domestic Products (GDP)
- Reserves of foreign exchange $6.328 billion $39.16 billion $60.61 billion Military expenditure- % of GDP
- Recent Lebanese demonstrations 147 Godfathers of Levant
Zensunni: a schismatic sect that broke away from the teachings of the great prophetesses Kylie Minogue, Madonna and Sharon Stone. The Zensunni religion is noted chiefly for its synthesis of fundamentalist, millenarian and mystical tendencies. Aids capital accumulation through mobilising the faithful. Paul Muad’Dib (George W. Bush), his father Duke Leto Atreides (aka George Bush, Snr.), Lady Jessica of the Weirding (aka Barbra Bush), and The Dog (aka Dick Cheney) What a boring article! It lowers the whole standard of the book- disgusting! How did I become so pretty? Ditch the stiff. Meet me behind the shed, baby doll! 136 137 Life would be dismal if it weren’t for the ill- disposed. They season this dish of noodles. I suspect that when Jesus said to his disciples: You are the salt of the earth, he had in mind those successors who would make it their business to piss-off the rest of humanity. - Julien Torma (assuming he existed!) “Godfathers of Levant” was originally written in 2005 as an extended pamphlet. Since nearly all contemporary Middle Eastern radicals are fucking brain-dead, the text received little feedback. On top of that, the great Al Pacino took exception to the images sprucing up the narrative and decided to bring a libel case against us. Man, these Hollywood celebrities are weird! Instead of suing us, maybe you should try something you haven’t done for a decade: make a half-decent movie, you fucking midget! Anyway, in this text we begin with a critical chronology of the region in order to contextualise things. A few ‘bourgeois maps’ are offered to help the reader visualise the Levant more readily. Some descriptive statistics are then marshalled to provide the text with pseudo- scientific credibility, followed by the main text. Unfortunately, a proletarian analysis of the Levant is faced with a number of immediate obstacles: the current low level of class struggle in the region; the prevalence of nationalistic and religious bigotry amongst large sections of the world proletariat; lack of communication between us and autonomous proletarian elements within the region; and, finally, the unreliability of information pertaining to the Levant. By choosing to foreground the class struggle in Syria (and to a lesser extent Lebanon), we have not made our task any easier. The internal volatility of Syria and Lebanon and the real threat of military intervention by Israel or USA (against almost any foe in the Middle East and at any time), make prediction of future events unfeasible. Even Asad does not know whether to respond with more coercion or reform. Will he be in power by the time this book comes out? No one knows. We, therefore, apologise to readers for the shortcomings of the present work and hope their constructive criticisms help us improve our understanding of the ‘Levant’. 138 Chronology of events in the Levant (The Rising Land) 500,000BC The Levant is first inhabited by nomadic tribes migrating in search of food and pasture. 2100BC Amorites came from the Arabian Peninsula and were the first important Semitic settlers in the area of Damascus. They established many small states. 168BC Syria’s Seleucid king Antiochus IV Epiphanes ruled over Israel and tried to outlaw Judaism. He tried to Hellenize the Jews by erecting idols. The Jews resisted and began the Maccabean revolt. The Maccabees were successful until internal dissension tore them apart. 63BC Jerusalem is captured by Roman general Pompey who begins the era of Roman rule. In this era the Christian religion begins. 526 An earthquake killed 250,000 in Antioch, Turkey. This was the capital of Syria from 300- 64BC. Melancholic Troglodytes have a problem or two with chronologies. Firstly, chronologies tend to be very selective. Which events should be included/excluded from a historical chronology? What criteria one should use for making such decisions? Secondly, no matter how disjointed they may seem, chronologies still tell a story- one based on a classical narrative, with plots and sub-plots, ‘great’ heroes and villains, wars and massacres, etc. Everyday activities are dismissed as banal and unworthy of recording. Thirdly, they tend toward reductionism and stereotypes. Imagined communities (Anderson 1983) such as nations, ethnicities and religions figure excessively in chronologies, whilst real notions such as social class are conspicuous by their absence. Fourthly, alongside the classical narrative format employed, chronologies also tend to be positivist since facts are embedded in a subtle cause and effect relationship. In short, chronologies both suppress and mystify the class struggle. But perhaps the most aggravating thing about chronologies is that, they are so damn handy! The following chronology was clobbered together from a few ‘bourgeois chronologies’ (algis.com 2005; news.telegraph 2005; George 2003; Gilmour 1983). 139 636-1099 Mohamed’s followers conquer the Arabian Peninsula, closely followed by the ‘Holy land’ (Exactly what makes a land ‘holy’? Is it the moral certitude and self-righteousness of its inhabitants? The number of ‘holy’ places it possesses? The arrogance of its bourgeoisie? A rejection of masturbation and animal-love?). c800-900 The Alawi faith was founded by a 9 th century Muslim, who declared himself the ‘gateway’ to the divine truth and abandoned Islam. 1098-1291 A series of wars (Crusades) between European Christians and the Muslim rulers of the ‘Holy Land’ begin. The crusaders capture Jerusalem with the Knights Templar (a group of yuppie warrior-monks) occupying the Temple Mount. Muslim Mamluks eventually put an end to Christian domination and rule the area until 1517. 1110 Crusaders marched into Beirut causing a bloodbath. 1201 An earthquake in Syria and upper Egypt killed some 1.1 million people. 1912 Italy bombs Beirut in the first act of war against the Ottoman Empire. 1916 The Sykes-Picot Agreement secretly carve up the Levant into an assortment of monarchies, mandates and emirates. It enshrined Anglo-French imperialist ambitions at the end of W/W II. Syria and Lebanon were put into the French orbit, while Britain claimed Jordan, Iraq, the Gulf States and the Palestinian Mandate. 1920 Faisal I ibn Hussein ibn Ali becomes the 1st king Syria (Big name, little brain!) 1921 At the Cairo Conference, convened by a racist, war-mongering Winston Churchill, Britain and France carve up Arabia and create Jordan. France was given influence over Syria and Jewish immigration was allowed into Palestine. 1926 French air force bomb Damascus, Syria. The French launch a major military campaign in Syria to suppress a revolt by the Druze, which began in 1925 under the leadership of Sultan al- Atrash. A large French force sent against them was defeated and the revolt spread into the Druze portions of Lebanon. When the insurgents gained a foothold in Damascus, the French bombarded the city. 140 1936-1939 Jews migrate to Palestine as Nazi persecution escalates in Germany. Palestinians launch an uprising against Britain. 1943 Lebanon declares ‘independence’. 1945 Syria declares war on Germany. Hitler commits suicide! (Is there a connection?) 1946 British and French forces complete their withdrawal from Syria, which they had captured from the Vichy government in 1941. Later that year Syria gains ‘independence’, becoming a founder member of the United Nations and of the Arab League. 1948 The British mandate over Palestine expires and the Jewish National Council declares the establishment of Israel. The armies of Egypt, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon and Iraq immediately move their forces across the Palestine frontier. 1956 Egypt nationalizes the Suez Canal zone in order to finance the Aswan dam. Israel, in collusion with England and France, invades Egypt taking the Gaza Strip and the Sinai Peninsula. Anglo- French forces bomb Egypt and the Anglo-French alliance seizes the Suez Canal zone. The canal reopens under Egyptian control. 1958 Egypt and Syria combine to form the United Arab Republic. This dissolves in bitterness in September 1961. 1958 First civil war in Lebanon begins. 1970 King Hussein sees the PLO as a threat to his Hashemite rule and Jordan expels Palestinian guerrillas, declaring martial law. When 250 Syrian tanks move into northern Lebanon in support of the PLO, Israel comes to Jordan's aid and the Syrian threat is averted. The PLO moves its headquarters to Lebanon. Hafez al-Asad takes power in Syria. 1975 The Lebanese civil war starts and Syrian ‘peacekeeping’ forces move into Beirut in the summer of 1976. PLO launches attacks across the border into Israel. 1982 A Muslim Brotherhood uprising in the Syrian city of Hama is crushed by President Asad's regime at the cost of some 20,000-40,000 lives. 141 1984 US troops leave Lebanon after a suicide bomber kills 241 Marines. 1987 Palestinians begin the first Intifada (Uprising) against Israeli occupation in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. Israel responds with curfews and mass arrests. 1989 The Taif Agreement maintained sectarian divisions in government and led to the end of the civil war in Lebanon. It stipulated that Syria withdraw its troops to the border and leave within 2 years. But it did reorient Lebanon toward Syria (and in general the Arab world) and it also reduced the powers of the (Christian) presidency in favour of the (Sunni) premiership. 1995-1996 Israeli and Syrian delegations hold direct talks at the Wye Plantation in Maryland to discuss a possible framework for peace between the two countries. The talks fail. 2000 Israel, in a hasty retreat following the collapse of its ally, the South Lebanese Army, ends its 22- year occupation of southern Lebanon, and withdraws from its self-declared ‘security zone.’ Hezbollah calls the withdrawal, the Arabs' first military victory over Israel in 50 years! 2000 Violence flares in the Old City of Jerusalem after a provocative visit to the Al-Aqsa mosque complex by the Israeli Likud leader Ariel Sharon. Mr Sharon is unpopular with Palestinians because of his role in the massacre of thousands of Palestinian refugees during Israel's 1982 invasion of Lebanon, and his illegal settlement-building. 2000 In Syria President Hafez al-Asad (69), the ‘Lion of Damascus’, dies. His son Bashar al-Asad (34) is named his successor. 2001 Somewhere in the world, a section of the proletariat is on strike dreaming of a life worth living. The episode is missed by the world media and all hitherto chronologists. 2002 A large area of the Jenin refugee camp is flattened by Israeli forces in a major week-long military operation. A siege develops at the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem where up to 50 Palestinian ‘militants’ are surrounded by Israeli troops. 2002 US immigration officials seized Maher Arar, a Syrian-born Canadian, after his name popped up on a watch list at JFK. US officials refused to allow legal council or a phone call. The CIA questioned him and then handed him over to Syrian intelligence where he was held and 142 tortured for 10 months before being released. The case came to be called an instance of ‘torture by proxy’. 2004 Palestinian leader, Yasser Arafat, is assassinated by French doctors in a Paris military hospital (or so they say!). Kurdish uprising in Qamishli put down ruthlessly. 2005 Melancholic Troglodytes throat-gag Zizek, who remains totally silent during the 32 second ordeal! The masses rejoice! 2007 Syrian oil exports were expected to almost cease by this time. 2008 Syrian and Lebanese bourgeoisie establish diplomatic ties for the first time after years of distrust and tension. Melancholic Troglodytes are thrown out of the ‘anti-capitalist’ movement for date-raping Chomsky and Negri! What a night that was 2010 As a sign that the ‘Middle Eastern’ proletariat has gone temporarily gaga, the Iranian President, Ahmadi-Nezhad, is received as a hero by ‘Southern Lebanon’. Yes, things were that bad! 2011 Hezbollah brings down the coalition government as a protest against the impending indictment of its operatives in the 2005 Hariri assassination. And then, as if by a miracle, The Great 2011 ‘Middle Eastern & North African’ Revolt erupts. 2011 In March thousands demand release of ‘all political prisoners’ in Damascus. A group calling itself ‘Syrian Revolution against Bashar Asad’ calls for more demonstrations. Every new death becomes a ‘political funeral’ against the regime. A mosque in the southern city of Daraa is assaulted by the army. Daraa’s governor resigns under pressure from demonstrators. Hundreds of Syrians protested in Homs, Aleppo, Daraa and the coastal city of Banias. Hama is turned into rubble. On March 17 th , ‘The Friday of Dignity’, the momentum picked up. Ah, but exactly is ‘dignity’? (cf. Melancholic Troglodytes, 2006). 2011 Children are arrested for writing anti-government graffiti. Demonstrations in support of the children are met with bullets. Neo-liberal reforms have lowered the living standard of millions of Syrians. Both working and (some sections of the) middle classes are disgruntled, although the regime can still mobilise hundreds of thousands to come out in support. Cabinet ‘resigns’! Amidst the killings, arrests and tortures no one notices the lifting of the state of emergency. In August Iran, Syria’s staunchest ally, calls on Asad to consider protestors’ demands! Cheeky fuckers!!! 143 Maps of the Levant Melancholic Troglodytes have a problem or two with maps. Firstly, maps tend to freeze and reify fluid social relations. In so doing they tend to de-memorise the proletariat. Secondly, they reinforce every vile and obnoxious attribute of the dominant bourgeois ideology, such as common sense, dualistic thinking, empiricism, determinism, fetishism, instrumentalism, nationalism, borders and the dictatorship of time and space. Thirdly, maps are inherently de-humanising which is why historically they have been used for promoting colonisation in virgin and unpopulated lands (O’Brien 2004). Fourthly, maps are about creating and regulating desire in readers. If they depict military deployment, as many computer-generated and satellite imagery seem to, the result is the promotion of warfare. Fifthly, maps are banal (Billig 2002), which is why their ideological power usually goes unnoticed. For instance, weather reports are constantly flagging national entities even though clouds, rain- storms and hurricanes do not recognise artificial boundaries. Maps are dangerous precisely because they are banal. Levant in relationship to the rest of the Middle East 144 Levant (with cities but without national borders) Where are all the atheists? Syria (for tree lovers) Damascus old town 145 Statistics of the Levant 2010 CIA ESTIMATES Syria Lebanon Israel Population 22 million 4.1 million 7.4 million Life expectancy 74 yrs 75 yrs 81 yrs Literacy rates 79.6 % 87.4% 97 % Public debt 32 % of GDP 156 % of GDP 78 % of GDP Class-conscious proletarians 14.5 % 19 % 7.1% Unemployment rate 8.5 % 9.2 % 7.6 % Gross Domestic Products (GDP) $101 billion $54 billion $206 billion Per capita GDP $4,600 $13,200 $28,400 Current account balance -$326 million -$3.682 billion $7.22 billion Debt - external $7.621 billion $21.11 billion $84.69 billion Reserves of foreign exchange $6.328 billion $39.16 billion $60.61 billion Military expenditure- % of GDP 5.9 % 3.1 % 7.3 % Melancholic Troglodytes have a problem or two with statistics. Firstly, statistics attempt to emasculate in quantitative terms entities that are basically qualitative- freedom, development, motivation, happiness, etc. Secondly, statistical categories usually act to classify and disempower people. One name for statistics, especially in France, had been ‘moral science’ (Hacking 1981: 16). This ‘moral science’ was initially used to criminalise unruly proletarians. Thirdly, statistics are ideologically embedded. What contemporary statisticians call ‘regression to the mean’, for instance, was referred to by Francis Galton as ‘regression to mediocrity’ (Hacking 1981: 21). Fourthly, since the age of industrialisation the ‘normalising’ tendencies in statistics have helped create a dehumanising bureaucracy. Fifthly, fetishisation of numbers and data has created a mistrust of theory and dissent. ‘In 1710, John Arbuthnot proved the existence of God using a kind of significance test!’ (Gigerenzer 1996: 43). Sixthly, statistics are usually misapplied to buttress naïve objectivity and hierarchy. Melancholic Troglodytes do not reject statistics, figures and data out of hand, as can be seen below. We merely wish to take a critical approach toward statistics in an attempt to supersede the false dichotomy between quantitative and qualitative dimensions of interpretation (cf. http://www.radstats.org.uk/). The following data have been lifted from bourgeois websites since ‘proletarian data gathering’ is not a practical option for the time being (CIA World Fact Book 2005). 146 “My father taught me many things … keep your friends close, but your enemies closer”. “I can handle things, I'm smart, not like everybody says. Not dumb, I'm smart, and I want respect”. “I didn't ask who gave the order, because it had nothing to do with business”. “I don't like your kind of people. I don't like to see you come out to this clean country in oily hair, and dressed up in those silk suits, and try to pass yourselves off as decent [Lebanese]. I despise your masquerade; the dishonest way you pose yourself, yourself and your fucking family." Recent Lebanese demonstrations 147 Godfathers of Levant: Syrian-Lebanese dispute and its implications for the class struggle Godfather II (you know, the one with Robert De Niro) he Ottoman empire (circa. 1516-1918), “the longest continuous dynastic state in human history” (Beinin 2001: 5), has left an indelible mark on the region. This influence did not suddenly vanish at the end of World War I, when the victorious entente powers dismantled the empire. Under the ‘tutelage’ of the Ottomans, Syria was a largely self-sufficient agrarian and trade- based economy (Lesch 1999: 94). “The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869, as well as the continuing economic problems of the Ottoman Empire in general by the 1870s (climaxing with its bankruptcy in 1875), forced a downturn in the Syrian economy that lasted into the early twentieth century” (Lesch 1999: 94). According to Beinin (2001: 16), “the Ottoman agrarian regime was neither an Asiatic nor a feudal mode of production,” although it shared a number of characteristics with both. The Ottoman state administered the largest share of the land. Interestingly, the “Ottoman peasants who farmed state administered lands had more rights than European feudal tenants because they could not be evicted so long as they maintained cultivation and paid taxes” (Beinin 2001: 15). In urban areas, artisans were organised into a guild system that grew out of “popular religious or social solidarity associations that became consolidated as craft associations between the fifteenth and seventeenth centuries” (ibid., 17). Guilds turned into impressive nodes of power acting to “restrain unfair competition, regulate entry into professions, and establish standards of quality” (ibid.). They worked on the assumption that every producer had the right to a certain share of the market. This approach led to the producers of Aleppo selling more goods to France than they imported by the end of the eighteenth century (ibid., 23). When whiggish and orientalist historians decry the slow uptake of capitalist relations in the Middle East, they tend to portray the strength of artisans and peasants in maintaining their class interests as mere economic impediments or cultural backwardness. Hinnebusch (1997: 249) has shown how such a perspective can easily lead to either economic or cultural determinism. The defensive reflexes of the Levant’s underbelly need to be born in mind when contemporary analysts disparage proletarian rejection of bourgeois progress, whether the promotion of progress emanates from Bashar al-Asad’s technocrats, the deceased Hariri or White House ayatollahs. T 148 Certainly, Don Corleone can present a bill for such services. After all, we're not Communists. But he must let us draw the water from the well. Download 64.9 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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