Classifications of consonants

Examples of abstract nouns
If you are still struggling to wrap your head around abstract nouns, some examples should help. As you read these words, you will see that none of these things can be experienced with any of the five senses.
REFERENCES

1. 
   A.A. Abduazizov. English Phonetics. A Theoretical Course, T., 2006 page 236
   
2. 
   A.C. Gimson. An Introduction to the Pronunciation of English. Edward Arnold, 1970 page 45.
   
3. 
   Aitchison, J. (2003). Linguistics. McGraw-Hill. Birch, P., Gümoes, B., Stavad, H., Prytz, S., Björkner, E., & Sundberg, J. (2002). Page 233.
   
4. 
   A dictionary of linguistics and phonetics (Vol. 30). John Wiley & Sons. De Houwer, J., Hermans, D., & Spruyt, A. (2001). Page 322
   
5. 
   D. Jones. An Outline of English Phonetics. Cambridge, 1976 page 34
   
6. 
   Fodor 1959; Greenberg 1978 page 165.
   
7. 
   M.A. Sokolova. English Phonetics. A Theoretical Course. M., 1994 page 312
   
8. 
   Nonlinear behavior of vocal fold vibration: the role of coupling between the vocal folds. Journal of Voice, 13(4), page 465-476
   
9. 
   O.I. Dickushina. English Phonetics. A Theoretical Course. M., 1965
   
10. 
    S.F. Leontyeva. A Theoretical Course of English Phonetics.M2002 page 123
    
11. 
    V.A. Vassilyev. English Phonetics. A Theoretical Course. M., 1970
    

USED SITES

12. 
    (http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com).
    
13. 
    . https://doi.org/10.1016/S0892-1997(02)00073-5.
    
14. 
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.specom.
    
15. 
    https://doi.org/10.1016/S0892-1997(99)80002-2.
    
16. 
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noun
    
17. 
    Oxford Handbook of Word Classes.
    

1 David Adger (2019). Language Unlimited: The science behind our most creative power. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 78. ISBN 978-0-19-882809-9

2 Jackendoff, Ray (2002). "§5.5 Semantics as a generative system" (PDF). Foundations of language: brain, meaning, grammar, evolution. Oxford University Press 2022-10-09 page 128.

3 Rijkhoff, Jan (2022). "Nouns". Oxford Handbook of Word Classes. Cambridge: Oxford University Press.

4 Reimer, Marga (May 20, 2009). Zaita, Edward N. (ed.). "Reference §3.4 Non-Referring Expressions". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2010 Edition). Retrieved 15 July 2014.

5 (Rijkhoff 2004: 110-111, page 146-52).

6 (Geerts et al. 1984: 145).

7 (Rijkhoff 2004: 56-57; on this topic, see also Wackernagel 1920: 84; Hundt 2016; Görgülü 2018; see Mithun 1984 for a discussion of various types of incorporation).

8 Yucatec Maya (Mayan; Lucy 1992: 74)

9 (Wierzbicka 1985; Middleton et al. 2004; Wisniewski 2010: 168; see Levin and Rappaport Hovav 2011 on such mass/count doublets page 433.

10(Cheng and Sybesma 1998; Cheng 2012). Differences between measure terms and mensural classifiers are discussed in e.g. Allan 1977, Grinevald 2005 and Doetjes 2012

11 Russian (Slavic; Koptjevskaja-Tamm 2001: 524) page 65.

12

13 (cf. Wierzbicka 1986: 374-377; Beck 2011; Constantinescu 2015) page 231

14 Fodor 1959; Greenberg 1978; Craig (ed.) 1986; Corbett 1991; Aikhenvald 2000 and 2006; Unterbeck et al. (eds.) 2000; Seifart 2010; Corbett (ed.) 2014; McGregor and Wichmann (eds.) 2018. ‘Classifiers’ in Oxford Bibliographies Online (http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com).

15 In logical approaches to noun semantics, sort nouns have been analysed as members of various traditional, European nominal subcategories, such as collective nouns (Wiese 2012: 55) or mass nouns (Chierchia 1998). Pageb134

16 (Seifert 2010: 724). As noted below, in some languages (erstwhile) numeral classifiers have also assumed non-individualising functions due to grammaticalisation (Bisang 2008). Page 312