Classifications of consonants

PECULIARITIES OF CONCRETE NOUNS AND ABSTRACT NOUNS IN ENGLISH


CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION…………………………………………….……………2-3
MAIN PART……………………………………………………………………..
CHAPTER I
1.1NOUN ACCORDING TO THE MAIN PRINCIPLES………………….4-9
1.2 NOUNS AS A CROSS-LINGUISTIC LEXICAL CATEGORY …..10-20
CHAPTER II
2.1 ABSTRACT NOUNS AND CONCRETE NOUNS.…………………21-26 CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………..…27-28
REFERENCES………………………………………………………….29-30

INTRODUCTION
This paper seeks to raise the awareness of both instructors and students about concrete nouns and abstract nouns. A noun (from Latin nōmen 'name')^[1] is a word that generally functions as the name of a specific object or set of objects, such as living creatures, places, actions, qualities, states of existence, or ideas.^{[2][note 1]}
Lexical categories (parts of speech) are defined in terms of the ways in which their members combine with other kinds of expressions. The syntactic rules for nouns differ between languages. In English, nouns are those words which can occur with articles and attributive adjectives and can function as the head of a noun phrase. "As far as we know, every language makes a grammatical distinction that looks like a noun verb distinction¹ Word classes (parts of speech) were described by Sanskrit grammarians from at least the 5th century BC. In Yāska's Nirukta, the noun (nāma) is one of the four main categories of words defined.
The Ancient Greek equivalent was ónoma (ὄνομα), referred to by Plato in the Cratylus dialog, and later listed as one of the eight parts of speech in The Art of Grammar, attributed to Dionysius Thrax (2nd century BC). The term used in Latin grammar was nōmen. All of these terms for "noun" were also words meaning "name". The English word noun is derived from the Latin term, through the Anglo-Norman noun.
The word classes were defined partly by the grammatical forms that they take. In Sanskrit, Greek and Latin, for example, nouns are categorized by gender and inflected for case and number. Because adjectives share these three grammatical categories, adjectives are placed in the same class as nouns.
Similarly, the Latin nōmen includes both nouns (substantives) and adjectives, as originally did the English word noun, the two types being distinguished as nouns substantive and nouns adjective (or substantive nouns and adjective nouns, or short substantives and adjectives). (The word nominal is now sometimes used to denote a class that includes both nouns and adjectives.)
Many European languages use a cognate of the word substantive as the basic term for noun (for example, Spanish sustantivo, "noun"). Nouns in the dictionaries of such languages are demarked by the abbreviation s. or sb. instead of n., which may be used for proper nouns or neuter nouns instead. In English, some modern authors use the word substantive to refer to a class that includes both nouns (single words) and noun phrases (multiword units, also called noun equivalents). It can also be used as a counterpart to attributive when distinguishing between a noun being used as the head (main word) of a noun phrase and a noun being used as a noun adjunct. For example, the noun knee can be said to be used substantively in my knee hurts, but attributively in the patient needed knee replacement. We dive deep into abstract nouns and concrete nouns here, but there’s a quick and easy way to tell them apart. If you can see, hear, taste, smell, or touch it, then it’s a concrete noun. If you can’t, then it’s an abstract noun. Consider the difference between anger, an abstract noun, and chair, a concrete noun. You can touch a chair and see a chair, but you can’t touch or see anger itself. (Even though you can use your five senses to perceive the signs of anger, such as seeing a red face or hearing a gruff tone.) By default, proper nouns are never abstract nouns. Proper nouns like the Empire State Building, Kathmandu, or Mister Rogers represent things that are specific and tangible. However, this can get confusing if a philosophical idea is derived from a proper noun. For example, Karl Marx is a proper noun, but Marxism is an abstract noun, even though it’s still capitalized.