Cognitive processing Top-down vs bottom-up processing

Post-reading activities
Post-reading activities help learners summarize their learning, get a deeper understanding, and organize their thoughts and ideas. Here are examples of these activities.
What I learned
Some elements of the KWL chart mentioned above, namely the L (Learned) column, have to be completed after reading the text.
Discussion
Groups react to the content of the passage. Each group reports to the other groups a summary of their findings followed by whole-class discussion.
Summarizing
As a post-reading activity, teachers may ask students to write a summary of the main points of a text. Chambers and Brigham (1989, cited in Nation, 2009), report an interesting strategy to help learners summarize a passage. This strategy is called a summary by deletion. This involves the following steps:

1. 
   Students read the passage and delete all the sentences that merely elaborate the main sentences;
   
2. 
   They delete all unnecessary clauses and phrases from the main sentences;
   
3. 
   They delete all unnecessary words from what remains;
   
4. 
   They replace the remaining words with their own expressions;
   
5. 
   They write a final draft of the summary.
   

Retelling the story
Retelling the story would help learners to talk about the content of the passage. It is an opportunity for the teacher to integrate the speaking skill within the reading activity.
Think-Pair-Share
This is an excellent activity to help learners summarize what they learned and discuss it with other peers. Here is how to proceed:

• 
  Students write down their thoughts on the topic of the passage.
  
• 
  Then, they discuss it with a partner.
  
• 
  Finally, they share with the whole class.
  

This activity also encourages interaction and leads to various perspectives and comprehension.
Drawing
The teacher encourages the learners to translate the content of the text into storyboards, cartoons, or pictures. For example, they have to convert the most important ideas, facts, or events into the form of pictures accompanied by explanations in the form of captions.