Commercial biogas plants: Review on operational parameters and guide for performance optimization
particularly worth emphasizing the significant differences in manage-
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particularly worth emphasizing the significant differences in manage- ment practices that exist between the laboratory and industrial levels, which are mainly ascribed to poor source separation and inefficient collection performance at the industrial level. For most developing countries, such as China, the processes of source separation and waste classification are not performed comprehensively, and both compliance and normalization are far from satisfactory. Frequently, impurities are reported to account for 10% to 15% of the collected raw material [57] , and, even after pretreatment, the overall quality cannot be guaranteed to be the same as that of the material used in laboratory studies. In addition, China has not developed an effective biomass storage and transportation system. Moreover, no criteria exist for appropriate collection, storage and transport equipment systems or processing and manufacturing practices [7] . Therefore, most commercial biogas plants carry out the collection process based solely on the quantity of the appropriate biomass in the immediate neighboring environment. Adequate scheduling and rigorous control in terms of the quality of the feedstock are not applied, indirectly resulting in unexpected substrate addition and large fluctuation in the OLR, increasing the risk of organic overload. In conclusion, the development of highly efficient bioreactors and improvement or modification of the AD process can increase the OLR while reducing operational costs. Furthermore, raising public awareness regarding source separation, formulation of a standardized collection and transportation scheme, construction of supporting facilities and further strengthening of process monitoring practices would also be helpful from the perspective of operational management of anaerobic digesters. Improvements in the technical application and operational management practices of commercial biogas plants could allow such plants to achieve an operational OLR similar to that which may be ob- tained at the laboratory level. 3.3. Feeding frequency selection As indicated above, the OLR is normally expressed in days; however, the frequency of feeding within the day can also affect the stability of the AD process [71] . Frequent feeding, for several hours per day, is usually recommended, because in common practice it is believed that it can ease the effects of sudden organic loading shock and help maintain process stability. As reported by Lv et al. [72] , although the daily biogas pro- duction under different feeding frequencies was similar, the overall level of VFAs and pH remained more constant and moderate in reactors that were fed more frequently. Similar findings were obtained using a CSTR treating FW and waste-activated sludge with a feeding frequency of once every 15 min. The instantaneous loading shock caused by the feeding procedure was accordingly weakened, and stable performance was achieved at an OLR of 11.2 g VS⋅L -1 ⋅ d -1 (HRT = 7.5 d) and 30.2 g VS⋅L - 1 ⋅ d -1 (HRT = 3 d) under mesophilic and thermophilic conditions, respectively [73] . Although frequent feeding can inevitably increase the cost of pumping, it is generally the preferred practice. In addition, feeding once per hour and continuous feeding have also been reported during the conventional operation of commercial full-scale biogas plants [41] . According to a practical experience, one waste-based biogas plant managed to find a sustainable solution to foaming problems by adjusting the feeding frequency to one dosage every 20 min [39] . Frequent feeding is highly dependent on automatic feeding proced- ures, the exact dosage of the total input, and successful pumping. In other words, regular checks and maintenance of related equipment are essential to avoid malfunction events. However, farm-scale biogas plants located in rural areas may find automatic operation and accurate control of feeding to be difficult to achieve, because such plants usually have smaller budgets and cannot afford the extra expense of acquiring the necessary technical instruments and skilled personnel resources [16] . Therefore, infrequent feeding with a long feeding interval of several days or even weeks may provide an alternative option for these farm- scale plants and such practices have attracted increasing attention in recent years. Infrequent feeding usually means that a higher biogas yield can be achieved immediately following feeding, with a lower biogas yield during the non-feeding period. In addition to a reduced need for sub- sequent biogas storage [74] , infrequent feeding allows more operational flexibility in the regulation of the final production capability according to variations in multiple objective factors such as climate conditions, biomass resources, local socio-economic status and the energy demand of different regions during different periods [75,76] . Most research focusing on the infrequent feeding strategy suggests that a moderate feeding frequency does not affect the activity of methanogens. In the case reported by Zealand et al. [77] and Manser et al. [76] , AD systems that were fed less frequently had a higher tolerance against organic overload, and higher specific methane production (SMP) was achieved due to the considerable periods between feedings, allowing further degradation of the slowly degradable fraction contained in the substrate. The results of Zealand et al. [77] also demonstrate that infrequent feeding may be beneficial for farm-scale reactors by allowing them to synchronize activity with the crop (such as rice straw) harvest produc- tion cycles of rural areas. However, infrequent feeding is associated with increased risk of instability, because the entrance of a large feeding volume typically leads to a sudden loading shock to the AD system. Transient accumulation of VFAs and H 2 , as well as a decrease in pH, were observed after feeding in almost all experimental groups with different feeding frequencies, indicating an imbalance between acid production and consumption at this stage. A subsequent reduction in VFAs to a normal level prior to the next feeding was observed in reactors with a moderate feeding frequency, while performance was decreased in reactors with a relatively extreme feeding frequency. Under the same OLR of 2 g VS⋅L -1 ⋅ d -1 , SMP were decreased significantly in reactors fed once every 14 days. For reactors fed once every 21 days, total process failure occurred almost immediately after feeding. Although infrequent feeding simplifies the feeding procedure and facilitates subsequent implementation of quantitation and control pro- cedures, the optimization and applicability of such feeding strategies depend on the OLR and, most importantly, the dosage of each feeding. Biochemical methane potential (BMP) testing is therefore recommended to determine the maximum single dosage that exceeds the critical value for organic overload. Download 1.11 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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