Commercial biogas plants: Review on operational parameters and guide for performance optimization
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3.5. Hydraulic retention time quantitation
The HRT is the mean digestion time that the added feedstock remains in the reactor. The utilization of a longer retention time reduces the remaining biogas potential in the residue storage tank and increases the conversion rate of feedstock [66] . The configuration of HRT mainly depends on the overall reaction rates [79] . For example, AD conducted under thermophilic conditions or with a high concentration of active inoculum can be configured with a shorter HRT, while a longer HRT is essential for AD conducted at lower temperatures and lower levels of microorganism activity. Therefore, common recommended values for the HRT under thermophilic and mesophilic conditions are approxi- mately 10–20 and 15–30 days, respectively. Currently, at the industrial level, the HRT is typically set to be relatively long. For instance, many reported middle-scale commercial biogas plants in Germany that treat agricultural waste usually have a HRT longer than 50 days [31] . Another investigation showed that the HRT at full-scale biogas plants ranged from 41 days to 144 days, with an average value of 84.1 days [66] . The use of a relatively long HRT can mitigate process instability to a certain degree, but the initial capital cost is significantly increased by the large investment required to build high- volume digesters. In contrast, to maximize treatment capacity and reduce reactor volume, some plant operators manually lower the HRT, but the risk of hydraulic overload is increased accordingly [30] . A decrease in HRT may not provide sufficient time for the multiplication of anaerobic mi- croorganisms, and the discharging procedure may also cause “wash out” of microorganisms and smaller aggregates through the discharging procedure, eventually resulting in VFA accumulation in a manner similar to organic overload [70] . On the other hand, a lower HRT and a higher operational OLR are directly connected to large losses in methane yield potential. At present, most existing biogas plants can easily achieve quantita- tion and recording of solid feedstock, but for liquid-rich substrates, such as FW and manure, or the liquid necessary for the dilution process, quantitation is rare. Germany has been the driving force for biogas development for many years and remains the leading country in terms of the number of operational biogas plants [88] . However, an investigation of 413 German biogas plants showed that only one third measured the input of liquid volume contained in the feedstock [31] . Given that most feedstock currently used in biogas plants is high strength organic waste (e.g., FW, agricultural waste, and manure) with a high total solid (TS) content, dilution is necessary to avoid potential stirring problems, mitigate pumping pressure, and maintain a TS content suitable for wet AD systems, which represent the majority of existing biogas production facilities [89] . For example, if fibrous feedstock such as energy crops are involved, dilution with fresh water, digestate, liquid feedstock, or process water obtained from the digestate after solid- – liquid separation is commonly performed. The presence of a high vol- ume of liquid in feedstock can lower its retention time [31] . When no D. Wu et al. Fuel 303 (2021) 121282 10 rapid and accurate quantitation of liquid input to digesters is conducted at biogas plants, the actual retention time remains unknown. Conse- quently, it is not surprising that hydraulic overload occurs frequently during the optimization and long-term operation of anaerobic digesters. In terms of field applications, although online measurement in- frastructures are unavailable at most full-scale biogas plants, alternative methods can be useful to quantitate liquids, such as the application of flow and level meters to measure the quantity of liquid feedstock and record storage tank levels and pumping times [31,36] . From the perspective of the applicability of measurement with regard to technical viability and maintenance of operational costs within an acceptable range, the cost and time required to achieve online/in-situ quantitation and monitoring are no longer prohibitive, and greater emphasis on such practices is urgently needed. Download 1.11 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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