Communication (Journalism) Honours Thesis at Deakin University, Australia Faculty of Arts and Education June
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Dissident Iranian Journalists are not We
Iranian Situation
The Islamic Revolution in 1979 The Islamic Revolution of 1979 was a multi-faceted event which created a significant impact on the whole of the Middle East. The Shah had believed that his fall was formed by a ‘strange mix ’ of clerics, the Tudeh Party, oil partners, the Western media, and the Carter and Thatcher cabinets (Pahlavi 1980). In 1974, only five years before the revolution, the Shah pushed the West into an ‘oil shock’ with a sudden rise in oil price. Iran's oil income grew by 33% in 1974 and, in five years, it grew by 50% (Cooper 2013). In 1974, the Times magazine using a cover photo of the Shah named him ‘The Emperor of Oil’ (Time Magazine, cover, November 4, 1974). Many people in Iran believe that this sudden oil wealth was the beginning of the West's decision to overthrow the Shah. In one of his interviews, the Shah said: ‘Iran would become more developed than the United States in the next twenty years ’ (Cooper 2013, p. 167). Mike Evans in his book Jimmy Carter, The Liberal Left and World Chaos (2009) notes that Ronald Reagan had a significant role in the fall of Pahlavi II. He also argues that Reagan's foreign policy in support of Ayatollah Khomeini led to the beginning of Islamic terrorism in the Middle East. On the other hand, in the 1970s, communism threatened capitalism in many parts of the world. Having a thousand kilometre border with the Soviet Union, the Pahlavi Kingdom of Iran faced a significant challenge. Iranian communist forces, by provoking traditional Islamists, strengthened opposition groups against the Pahlavi Kingdom. Despite the implementation of extensive free education, social services, nationalisation of oil, forests and pastures, the extension of the urban middle class, land reform (taking lands from feudalists and dividing it among the Iranian people), and extensive modernisation, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi (the last Shah of Iran) continued to be criticised by opposition forces. Most of his critics were journalists, writers, and educated communists. The repression of the opposition was in vain (for example, the suppression of protests on 19 August 1953 and the Black Friday on 8 September 1978). The lack of freedom of expression in the media (with the exception of 1942- 1954 and 1978) which were often directed or written by communist intellectuals exacerbated the critical atmosphere against the Shah. As noted by Abrahamian, the attempt to: …suppress the national front and ban all political opposition effectively destroyed the moderate political movement in the country and fuelled the growth of the radical Marxist-Leninist and Islamic groups that Wasted Lives 5 would eventually bring down the monarchy (E. Abrahamian, 1982, cited: Iranica, Communism iii. In Persia after 1953, vol. VI, Fasc. 1, pp.105-112). According to a document dated January 19, 1979, the danger of the expansion of communism in Iran was such that the United States sent four questions in a secret message one month before the collapse of the Pahlavi regime to Ayatollah Khomeini who was then exiled in Paris. One of the questions was about Iran's future relationship with the Soviet Union. In response to this letter, Ayatollah Khomeini promised that ‘Iran will be anti-communism’. The three other questions involved how, after the revolution, Iran would protect the American oil and industrial interests in Iran as well as their treatment of religious minorities such as Jews. This document exited from the secret classification in the United States after 35 years and in November 2013 became public (BBC Persian. June 5, 2016). Another top-secret historical document from the CIA which exited from the classification in the United States on 16 February 2007 (28 years later) confirms the importance and power of the communist forces in the formation of the 1979 revolution. The crisis between the United States and Iran has permitted the re-emergence of Iran’s Marxist left after several months of repression and quiescence. By far the most visible leftist groups in the last months has been the pro- Soviet, Communist Tudeh Party … The Tudeh’s support for Khomeini has paid off, in that the party is functioning openly in Iran now and actively recruiting new members. Although still suffering from an image of subservience to Moscow, the party also benefits from outside support from the USSR and its allies. In sum, the Tuden is probably stronger now than at any time in the past decade. Moreover, Iran’s economic problems give the party new opportunities to exploit (Iran: The Reemergence of the Left/ Top Secret CIA documents, p.1). With the departure of the king and queen of Iran and the rest of the royal family on January 15 and 16, 1979, the Pahlavi Kingdom fell. Ayatollah Khomeini entered Iran from Paris after 14 years ’ exile on February 1, 1979, and the new regime began without having a name. As soon as Ayatollah Khomeini returned to Iran, a huge debate occurred in the media and society between fundamental Islamists, communists, and other parties about the name of the new regime. The Islamists led by Ayatollah Khomeini wanted the name to be ‘Islamic Republic of Iran ’ while the communist and other parties wanted the ‘Republic of Iran’ or the ‘Democratic Republic of Iran ’. Only one month after his return, Ayatollah Khomeini emphasised in one of his speeches on 8th March of 1979: ‘The communists also must want the Islamic Republic’, ‘all political parties must want the Islamic Republic’, and ‘all of you should take refuge in Islam ’ (Sahife-Nour, 1999, p.354). On 17 August 1979, a few months later, Ayatollah Khomeini declared in another speech which changed the fate of the press and freedom of expression in Iran forever: ‘Break the pens’. He Wasted Lives 6 emphasised that from then on ‘we’ will close ‘corrupt political parties and press’, ‘we’ will ‘prosecute’ their presidents’, and ‘we’ will set up ‘gallows’ in each city squares (Sahife-Nour, 1999, p. 282). With such a radical approach of Ayatollah Khomeini and his supporters, communist and other parties - whose protests were the leading cause of the collapse of the Pahlavi Kingdom - were arrested, executed, persecuted, or exiled. Their media were shut down and editors and journalists were arrested and summoned to the Revolutionary Court by orders of the new-born Islamic regime. And, eventually, this speech led to the first Press Law of the Islamic Republic of Iran (Noghrehkar 2002). Download 326.44 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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