Communication (Journalism) Honours Thesis at Deakin University, Australia Faculty of Arts and Education June


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Dissident Iranian Journalists are not We

Soft war takes bloggers’ lives 
Blogs and social media are other mediums that the regime has put pressure on over the past 
two decades; especially after the election in 2009 (Shakhsari 2011). Many bloggers have been 
arrested and sentenced to long terms of imprisonment charged with 
‘acting against the national 
security
’ (Aghvami, 2009). Many of the arrested bloggers remain unknown or only their 
account abbreviation name or pseudonym is published. Also, the families of these bloggers are 
under pressure not to release the information about their disappearance to the press (Elson, 
Yeung, Roshan, Bohandy, & Nader 2012; Shakhsari 2011; Journalists without Borders 2019). 
Masih Alinejad - a journalist,, social activist, and campaigner against the wearing of 
compulsory hijab - is a very remarkable example in this case. Her family were forced by the 
Ministry of Intelligence Service (Ettelaat) to confess about her alleged 
‘unlawful’ activities on 
national television (FarsNews, 2018, 
‘Goft-o-Go-e Bedun-e Taarof ba Khanevadeh Masih 
Alinejad
’, July 28).
However, it is almost impossible to find an accurate list of all bloggers and social media users 
who were, and are, under pressure by the government. However, much of the news in Iran 
reports a high number of arrested or disappeared bloggers and social media users. In an research 
titled 
Blogging Is Not a Crime’ published by Iransec.org (a database of bloggers who are, or 
were, imprisoned in Iran) shows that more than 360 bloggers have been arrested, subsequently 
imprisoned, suffered the lash or disappeared until the writing of this study.
The turn of the millennium was the beginning of excitement about blogging in Iran as the only 
channel of free expression. However, this excitement was short-lived and was quickly 
repressed by the authorities. Hossein Derakhshan is an Iranian-Canadian freelance journalist 
who is also known as the Father of Weblogging in Iran. In November 2001, he provided readers 
with a simple instruction manual in Persian on how to start a blog. In less than two months, the 
number of Persian weblogs exceeded 100. In 2004, a census of blogs around the world by the 
National Institute for Technology in Liberal Education found 75,000 Persian language blogs 
(Bucer & Fazaeli 2008; Shakhsari 2011). With an estimated 75,000 blogs in Farsi in 2004, this 
was the fourth most popular language for keeping online journals. The significance of these 
statistics is understood when comparing the number of blogs with neighbouring Iraq 
– fewer 
than 50 (Alavi 2004). With the features of being free, fast, and interactive, blogging gave 
Iranians the opportunity to express their opinions as well as share political and social news 
without government control for the very first time.


Wasted Lives 13 
However, in 2004-2005, freedom of expression in weblogs ended by the arrest of many 
bloggers. Hossein Derakhshan, alongside dozens of other bloggers, was arrested. Derakhshan 
was sentenced to 19 years in prison. What happened to him in jail and solitary confinement is 
unknown. However, six years later, he was freed by the 
‘mercy’ of the Supreme Leader; he 
had changed from a critic of the regime to writing pro-regime articles. Hossein Derakhshan is 
still living in Iran and posting pro-regime articles in his weblog (Bucer & Fazaeli 2008).
However, many arrested and jailed bloggers were professional journalists such as Arash 
Sigarchi, Sina Motalebi, and Omid Memarian who then fled to the US and the UK and are now 
working for BBC Persian or VOA Persian (Bucar & Fazaeli 2008). 
Since 2003, the Iranian regime has been building up the skills and tools of cyber control. Since 
that time, the Iranian regime has created the terms 
‘soft war’ and ‘Cyber Armi’. This means 
‘war on cyberspace with dissidents’ and ‘suppression of bloggers and social media dissidents 
by the authority
’ and remains a powerful force. ‘As a strategy, soft war marks a new phase that 
unifies the repressive and proactive approaches of the state to digital media
’ (Akhavan 2013, 
p.99).
The 2009 presidential election led to massive demonstrations (known as the Green Movement), 
the arrest and physical torture of thousands of people, and the deaths of more than 110 people 
(112 names were released on 28 February 2019 in Bazdasht.com). During this time, there was 
a greater effort to suppress blogs and social media. Sattar Beheshti is one of the most famous 
examples of this crackdown. He was arrested, tortured, and killed brutally in a short time 
(Hoseynkhah M, 2012, Sattar Beheshti ke Bood, Radio Zamane,13 November). Facebook was 
filtered out by the Government and, eventually, YouTube, Instagram, Twitter, and Telegram 
became strongly filtered too. This meant that people had no access to these websites unless 
they used strong anti-filters software (Sheera Frenkel, 2018, 
‘Iranian Authorities Block Access 
to Social Media Tools
’, The New York Times, Janovery 2).
On 31 December 2017, Telegram director Pavel Durov confirmed on his Twitter account that 
the Islamic Republic of Iran was blocking users' access to this Internet messenger. Durov said 
that the Iranian authorities had requested Telegram to block the channels for peaceful protests.
However, when Telegram opposed this request, Iranian authorities began blocking access to 
the entire Telegram network involving the majority of Iranian users (Golnaz Esfandiari, 2019, 
Radio Free Europe,
‘Iran's Social-Media Struggles Laid Bare By Telegram And Cleric's Viral 
Moment
’, April 13). As Durov Tweeted (2017): ‘Iranian authorities are blocking access to 


Wasted Lives 14 
Telegram for the majority of Iranians after our public refusal to shut down t.me/sedaiemardom 
and other peacefully protest channels
’. 
Despite all risks of arrest and harassment by the government, legal barriers, and filtering, the 
number of Internet users in Iran today is 70 million out of a population of 82 million (Radio 
Communication Organization 2018). According to the Deutsche Welle (28 April 2018), Iranian 
security and intelligence officials announced that Telegram plays a significant role in 
transmitting news and organizing demonstrations in Iran.
On 28 March 2018, a few months after the Telegram filtering, Deutsche Welle reported that 
the Iranian National Cyberspace Centre announced that there were 745,000 channels in the 
Persian language space in Telegram, with an average daily visit of about two and a half billion.
Iranian users of social networks and messengers go through Telegram by installing various 
filters. Thus, closing Telegram only made people more upset with Iranian authorities.
The high population of Internet users in Iran appears to have worried the Iranian regime. On 
22 January 2019, the Tasnim News Agency (a subordinate of Islamic Revolutionary Guard 
Corps) announced that on 7th February 2019 the 
‘Internet Exit Exercise’ would be held 
throughout over the country. Tasnim News Agency reported that government officials said that 
a significant number of Iranian people used Telegram to communicate. Because its server was 
not within Iran, access to the content and details of calls by Intelligence Service of Iran was 
not possible (2019, 
‘Iran az Laghv-e Razmayesh-e Ghat-e Internet Khabar Dad’, BBC Persian, 
23 January). According to Tasnim News Agency (2019) the Country's Civil Defense statement, 
all internet services were supposed to cease for two hours from 10:00 to 12:00 on January 27, 
2019. In this process, all hosts with a foreign server were supposed to be unavailable. 
Commander-in-chief Gholamreza Jalali, the head of the Civil Defense Organization, stated: 
‘We can have an Islamic-Iranian Internet that, by preserving all national-Islamic values, will 
provide services, opportunities and infrastructure necessary for Iranians
’ (Tasnim News 
Agency, 2019, January 22). This news prompted a very sharp negative reaction from Internet 
users in Iran as well as the Ministry of Communication of Iran. So, the operation was stopped. 
Mohammad Javad Jahromi Azari, the Minister of Communication of Iran, tweeted (2019): 
‘I 
received a report that this program has been cancelled
’.
Eventually, the only way left for Iranian dissident journalists who had experienced violence 
from the regime was to flee the country and seek refuge in a democratic country where 
journalists can speak freely. Between 2009 and 2010, at least 40 journalists escaped from Iran 


Wasted Lives 15 
(Reporters Without Borders 2010). The first destinations chosen by many journalists were 
Europe and the USA due to the existence of democracy and several dissident Farsi-language 
television and radio channels (Wojcieszak, Brouillette, & Smith 2013). However, some 
journalists made their way to Australia.
In sum, despite the numerous academic articles and books on the history of censorship of the 
press in contemporary Iran, the structure and quality of the press in the Pahlavi II periodicals 
have rarely been analysed. Also, there are few sources of journalism that have criticised both 
historical periods (i.e, Pahlavi II and the Islamic regime) without political bias. However, even 
though both historical periods limited the freedom of expression, they are not equivalent in 
terms of the degree of pressure put on the press. In the Pahlavi II era, a handful of journalists 
were interrogated or imprisoned, while at least 860 journalists and citizen-journalists were 
arrested, detained, and executed between 1980 and 2010. This does not include the people who 
were forced to flee the country. None of the lawyers of the dissident journalists was interrogated 
or imprisoned in the period of Pahlavi II, while many of the lawyers in charge of imprisoned 
journalists in the Islamic regime were interrogated and imprisoned; for example, Nasrin 
Sotudeh and Abdolfattah Soltani. In the Pahlavi II period, no newspaper was banned or shut 
down, but after the Islamic revolution, hundreds of newspapers were shut down and banned 
forever.

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