Content Introduction chapter I. Theoretical foundations of lexical skills of oral speech and reading

Speaking and writing requires the following skills, abilities, and knowledge:

1. 
   productive skills:
   

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  choose the right words/phrases in accordance with the communicative intent;
  
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  correctly combine words in syntagmas and sentences;
  
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  possess lexical-semantic and lexical-thematic associations;
  
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  combine new words with previously learned ones;
  
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  choose drill words and combine them with significant ones;
  
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  choose the right word from synonymous and antonymic oppositions;
  
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  perform equivalent substitutions;
  
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  own a mechanism for distributing and reducing offers;
  
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  adapt to the individual characteristics of the speaker, have a quick reaction, etc.;
  

2. 
   receptive skills (listening, reading):
   

• 
  match an audio file/visual image of a word with semantics;
  
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  learn and understand learned words/phrases in the speech stream/graphic text;
  
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  use context to reveal the meaning of words; understand the meaning of words based on sound / graphic features (affixation, converted lexical units, borrowed words, etc.);
  
• 
  differentiate words that sound and spell alike;
  
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  possess the mechanism of receptive combination;
  
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  make extensive use of forecasting and perception guidelines to create a mindset for performing certain activities with new (or previously learned) lexical material, etc.;
  

3. 
   socio-cultural knowledge and skills in the field of vocabulary:
   

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  knowledge of non-equivalent vocabulary and ability to understand it in texts (including using reference books);
  
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  knowledge of vocabulary that denotes objects and objects of everyday life in the countries of the language being studied (monetary units, measures of weight, length, time designations, road signs, etc.);
  
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  knowledge of speech and etiquette formulas (features of adults' treatment of children, communication partners of different age and social groups) and the ability to build speech behavior in accordance with the norms of communication adopted in the country of the language being studied;
  

4.