Content Introduction Chapter The Role of Translation and Mother Tongue in flt

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• Gather information about the students' reactions: gestures, expressions, etc.
• Check whether the students' attention focuses on the right activity, keep their attention on it and ensure they understand the situation.
• Call the students by name
The Teacher's Position in the Classroom
Due to the constant change in the activities in a foreign language classroom, it is not only the student's locus of attention that changes but also the teacher's attitude and position. Assessing the tasks fulfilled either at home or in the classroom, the attention to the students' doubts or simply the necessity of a relationship between teacher and students make the teacher move constantly around the classroom.
We must forget the figure of the teacher-instructor who sat on a chair behind the desk and, with the students' record, always directed his attention to the same group of students (frequently those with better achievement).
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Chapter 2. Primary and Lower Secondary School Learners and Foreign Language Learning.
In the Czech education system, children usually first encounter a foreign language in the third grade, i.e. at the age of eight, although individual schools may introduce a foreign language in lower grades. Some children may start even much earlier, usually from their parents' initiative. FEP for Basic Education states the required level of foreign language proficiency acquired during elementary school education is A2 (or A1 in the field of another foreign language) according to the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages3.
It is obvious that teachers need to assume different approaches to children of different age groups and have to respond to their various needs. To define primary and lower secondary school learners for the purpose of this paper, we can divide them into two groups according to their age, although it needs to be mentioned that considerable differences amongst children of a chronological age are to be expected (Clark, 1989, p. 6): primary school learners/young learners up to the age of ten/eleven and lower secondary school learners up to the age of fifteen.