Contents I. Introduction chapter I. Cognitive aspects of grammar

2.3. Cognitive structure.

Cognitive structures are the basic mental pattern people use to process any information. Metaphorical thinking being one of the mental tool present innate in human beings which when practiced consciously could help developing cognitive structures in turn help to process information. According to Jean Piaget and William Perry learning is facilitated by the mechanism comprising symbolic representations of the mental processes that is actively constructed by the learners based on the existing cognitive structures. Therefore, teaching/learning process should focus on the development of existing intellectual framework. Unlike the behaviourist approach, knowledge is acquired by the learner through intentional mental representations derived from past learning experiences. Teacher’s role is to facilitate the learners with resources to build new knowledge to old and to modify the old to accommodate the new. The present paper focuses on how cognitive structures help in processing information by implementing metaphorical thinking statements in teaching/leaning process.

Cognitive structures are mental processes that individuals use to process and understand information. They organize information for learning and recall. Cognitive structures are integral for comprehension and memory.
There are three categories of cognitive structures.
* The first are comparative thinking structures like memorization and classifying.
* The second is symbolic representation structures like math, gestures, dance, and music.
* The third is logical reasoning structures like reasoning, cause and effect, evaluation, and problem solving.


CONCLUSION.
In conclusion, the study of cognitive aspects of grammar has revealed that language learning is a complex process that involves both conscious and unconscious cognitive processes. The acquisition of grammar is influenced by various factors such as age, language exposure, motivation, and individual differences in cognitive abilities. Understanding these factors can help language teachers to design effective teaching strategies that cater to the needs of their learners. Error analysis is a useful tool for identifying and addressing grammatical errors made by language learners, and it can provide valuable insights into the cognitive processes involved in language acquisition. Overall, a deeper understanding of the cognitive aspects of grammar can lead to more successful language learning outcomes for learners.
The study of cognitive aspects of grammar has also shed light on the Importance of context in language learning. Language is not just a set of isolated rules and structures, but rather a dynamic system that is shaped by the social and cultural context in which it is used. Therefore, language learners need to be exposed to authentic language use in real-life situations to develop their communicative competence. Moreover, cognitive linguistics has shown that language is closely linked to other cognitive processes such as perception, memory, and attention. This suggests that language learning can be enhanced by incorporating multisensory and interactive activities that engage learners in a holistic way. By taking into account the cognitive and contextual factors involved in language learning, language teachers can create a more meaningful and engaging learning experience for their students.
In addition, cognitive linguistics has highlighted the role of metaphor and conceptual framing in language use and comprehension. This means that the way we think about and understand the world is reflected in the language we use. Therefore, language learners need to not only learn the surface-level structures of a language, but also the underlying conceptual frameworks that shape its use. For example, understanding the metaphors used in a language can help learners grasp the nuances of its expressions and idioms. By incorporating metaphorical and conceptual learning activities into language instruction, teachers can help students develop a deeper understanding and appreciation of the language they are learning.
Furthermore, cognitive linguistics emphasizes the importance of context in language use and interpretation. This means that the meaning of a word or phrase can vary depending on the situation in which it is used. Therefore, language learners need to develop their ability to recognize and interpret contextual cues in order to fully understand and effectively communicate in a language. By providing learners with authentic materials and opportunities for real-life communication, teachers can help them develop their contextual understanding and improve their overall language proficiency. Additionally, incorporating cultural elements into language instruction can also help learners better understand the social and cultural contexts in which the language is used.