Contents introduction chapter I historical background of etymological doublets

2.2 Analysis of etymological doublets in lexicology
In the structural aspect, lexicology deals with the word boundaries and word identity. Speaking about the word boundaries, the word is contrasted to the word combination (help, great, little vs a great help, of little help), the problem of analytical words is studied (will have been helping, South Africa). Studying the word identity, the category of word form is defined (has helped, is helping) and contrasted to the word invariant (to help), along with studying the word variants (phonetic, morphological and semantic).
Semantic analysis of the word suggests the research of the way the word correlates with the notion it indicates (signification) and the object it denotes (denotation). Lexicology also studies semantic types of words, such semantic features of lexical units as monosemy (possessing only one meaning) and polysemy (possessing several meanings), as well as semantic relations between words: antonymy (health – illness, virtue - sin), synonymy (strange, odd, peculiar, eccentric, weird, bizarre, queer), hyponymy (dog – German Shepherd, Daxon; furniture – table, wardrobe, etc.), and the like. Special attention is paid to the semantic structure of polysemantic words. The types of meaning are studied along with peculiarities of meaning changes and development¹⁰.
The functional aspect of lexicological study suggests looking at the word as belonging to the language system and regarding it in correlation with the units of the other levels of this system. Particular attention is paid to the correlation of the lexical level of language and grammar.
The vocabulary is studied in two aspects: System relations between lexical units; Vocabulary stratification.
Lexicology studies vocabulary as a system of subsystems. Minimal word groups, based upon the sameness or similarity of words are homonyms (to skip = to jump, and to skip = to miss out) and paronyms (affect / effect, feminine / feminist). Groups of synonyms evolve basing upon the similarity of semantic structures (beautiful / pretty / good-looking), while pairs of antonyms are based upon semantic opposition (generous – greedy). Lexicology also studies bigger groups of words – fields – based upon either paradigmatic or syntagmatic relations between words. A sum of paradigmatic and syntagmatic fields makes up a thematic field, which reflects a certain sphere of extralinguistic activity. No sector of vocabulary is isolated, certain types of relations exist between all lexical units in language.
Vocabulary of any language is not uniform. Word groups form vocabulary strata. Vocabulary stratification occurs according to the following criteria:

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  According to the sphere of use, vocabulary can be classified
  

into:

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  neutral: mother, dinner, book, lamp, watch, smile, red, young, etc.
  
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  stylistically marked, used in particular conditions and spheres, for example:
  

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  poetic vocabulary: rosy-fingered (dawn), slumber (of death), amorous (causes), brethren, (noble) steed, sublime, behold, enchanted, the 2^nd person singular pronoun thou (thy, thine);
  
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  professional vocabulary: stocks, to lease, loan, interest rate, asset purchases, bridge bank, net income (banking); depression, Oedipus complex, unconscious drive, extravert, archetype, countertransference, narcissism
  

(psychoanalysis);

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  dialects and regional variations of language: can (Am) – tin (Br), eraser (Am) – rubber (Br), highway (Am) – motorway (Br), cookie (Am) – biscuit (Br), diaper (Am) – nappy (Br), fries (Am) – chips (Br), license plate (Am) – number plate (Br), line (Am) – queue (Br), motor home (Am) – caravan (Br), period (Am) – full stop (Br), sidewalk (Am) – pavement (Br), etc.;
  
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  sociolects: vocabulary used by different social classes, for example dig (to understand/appreciate), tote, bad-mouth, gray dude (‗white man‘), Ofay (pejorative for white people), kitchen (referring to the particularly curly or kinky hair at the nape of the neck), siditty or seddity (‗snobbish, bourgeois‘) are from African American Vernacular English. This sociolect has contributed various words and phrases to other varieties of English, including jazz, chill out, main squeeze, soul, funky, and threads;
  
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  ageisms, for example youth slang: hammered, wreckaged, battered, swilled, sloshed, wizzed, widdled, hamstered, hoovered, on the heavy-bevvy, newkied, racked, hootered, faced, polluted (‗intoxicated by drink or drugs‘); bollers, wonga, luka, bokoo (=much) duckets, billies, fundage, rocks (‗money‘); brutal, nang, safe, buff, rated, bangin‘, kickin‘