Contents Introduction I. Cognitive principle of foregrounding in the literary texts

Linguistic relativity- also known as the Sapir–Whorf hypothesis /səˌpɪər ˈwɔːrf/, the Whorf hypothesis, or Whorfianism, is a principle suggesting that the structure of a language affects its speakers' worldview or cognition, and thus people's perceptions are relative to their spoken language.
Linguistic competence - it is the system of linguistic knowledge possessed by native speakers of a language. It is distinguished from linguistic performance, ...
The analysis of language - analysis that takes language itself, rather than its subject matter, as the primary focus of study; an instance of this.

References
1. Childs, Peter, and Roger Fowler. The Routledge Dictionary of Literary Terms. Routledge, 2006.
2. Halliday, M.A.K. Explorations in the Functions of Language. Elsevier Science Ltd., 1977.
3. Halliday, M.A.K. ​Language as Social Semiotic. Edward Arnold, 1978.
4. Miall, David S. Literary Reading: Empirical & Theoretical Studies. Peter Lang, 2007.
5. Mukarovsky, J. (1977). The word and verbal art (J. Burbank & P. Steiner, Eds. and Trans.). New Haven: Yale University Press.
6. Leech, G. N. and Short, M. H. (1981) Style in Fiction. London: Longman.
Levin, S. R. (1965) ‘Internal and external deviation in poetry.’ Word, 21: pp. 225-239.
7. Mukařovsky, J. (1970) ‘Standard language and poetic language’ in Freeman, D. C. (ed.) Linguistics and Literary Style. pp. 40-56.
8. Rashid, A. (2001) ‘Lecturing to large groups: good practice guidelines.’ TALL Tales, June 2001. Online journal, HEDC, Lancaster University. Available at http://domino.lancs.ac.uk/HEDC/Tall.nsf/I
9. Sarwar, Z. (2001) ‘Adapting individualization techniques for large classes.’ In Hall, D. R. and Hewings, A. (eds) Innovation in English Language Teaching. London: Routledge.
10. Semino, E. (in preparation) ‘Stylistics and linguistic variation in poetry.’
11. Short, M. and Breen, M. P. (1988) ‘Innovations in the teaching of literature: putting stylistics in its place.’ Critical Quarterly 30, 2, pp. 1-8.
12. Short, M. (1993) ‘Stylistics “upside down”: using stylistic analysis in the teaching of language and literature.’ Textus VI, pp. 3-30.
13. Short, M. (1996) Exploring the Language of Poems, Plays and Prose. London: Longman.
14. Schmidt, S. (1982). Foundations for the empirical study of literature (R. de 15. Beaugrande, Ed. and Trans.). Hamburg: Helmut Buske Verlag.
16. Shklovsky, V. (1965). Art as technique. In L.T. Lemon & M.J. Reis (Eds. and Trans.), Russian formalist criticism: Four essays (pp. 3-24). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. (Original work published 1917)
17. Simpson, Paul. Stylistics: A Resource Book for Students. Routledge, 2004.
18. Tomlin, Russell S. "Functional Grammars, Pedagogical Grammars, and Communicative Language Teaching." Perspectives on Pedagogical Grammar. Cambridge University Press, 1994.
19. Van Peer, W. (1980) ‘The stylistic theory of foregrounding: a theoretical and empirical investigation.’ Unpublished Ph.D. thesis: Lancaster University.
20. Van Peer, W. (1986) Stylistics and Psychology. Croom Helm.

1^ Halliday, M.A.K. Explorations in the Functions of Language. Elsevier Science Ltd., 1977.

2^ Halliday, M.A.K. Language as Social Semiotic. Edward Arnold, 1978.

3^ Tomlin 1994

4^ (Halliday1978)

5^ Sarwar, Z. (2001) ‘Adapting individualization techniques for large classes.’ In Hall, D. R. and Hewings, A. (eds) Innovation in English Language Teaching. London: Routledge

6^ Simpson, Paul. Stylistics: A Resource Book for Students. Routledge, 2004

7^ Van Peer, W. (1980) ‘The stylistic theory of foregrounding: a theoretical and empirical investigation.’ Unpublished Ph.D. thesis: Lancaster University.

8^ Childs, Peter, and Roger Fowler. The Routledge Dictionary of Literary Terms. Routledge, 2006

9^ Unless, of course, your boss is a circus performer!

10^ Mukarovsky, J. (1977). The word and verbal art (J. Burbank & P. Steiner, Eds. and Trans.). New Haven: Yale University Press

11^ See Semino (forthcoming) for a full discussion of the poem and its foregrounded features.

12^ Rashid, A. (2001) ‘Lecturing to large groups: good practice guidelines.’ TALL Tales, June 2001.

13^ Short, M. (1996) Exploring the Language of Poems, Plays and Prose. London: Longman

14^ ‘The Queen’s English’ by Tony Harrison

15^ This example is discussed in more detail in Short (1996: 118)