Cooperation partners

Cooperation partners

• Cooperation partners

• ISOE – Institute for social-ecological research (Project coordination)
• Geographical Institute, University of Bayreuth

• Partners in Mali und Senegal

• Point Sud - Center for Research on Local Knowledge, Bamako, Mali
• LARTES - Laboratoire de Recherche sur les Transformations Economiques et Sociales, Université de Dakar, Senegal
• Duration: September 2010 - April 2014

Analysis of interactions between climate change, land degradation and migration in Sahelian regions Senegal and Mali

• Analysis of interactions between climate change, land degradation and migration in Sahelian regions Senegal and Mali

• motives for migration and patterns thereof
• local population‘s perception and evaluation of climate and environmental changes
• role of climate and environmental changes in migration decisions

• What are the specific social-ecological conditions under which migration takes place and how are these conditions impacted by climate and environmental changes?

• Methodology that integrates natural-scientific and social-scientific insights, as well as scientific & non-scientific knowledge

• In-depth study at local and regional level

• Identification of policy options (orientation knowledge)

Specific social-ecological conditions constitute the context for migration decisions

• Specific social-ecological conditions constitute the context for migration decisions

• Migration results from interplaying factors on different scales

• Migration is path-dependent, multi-causal, multi-directional and selective

• Temporal & circular migration as an established and successful strategy to cope with climate variablity and as integral part of societal action

• Environmental conditions can impact mobility, environmental changes can be one factor for changes in mobility structures

Survey: 900 interviews with individuals in Bandiagara and Linguére and in Bamako and Dakar

• Survey: 900 interviews with individuals in Bandiagara and Linguére and in Bamako and Dakar

• Ca. 120 qualitative Interviews

• Expert interviews

• Focus groups

• Participatory observation

• Joint fieldwork of natural & social scientists

Temporal-spatial patterns of climate variability (temperature, precipitation) & vegetation changes

• Temporal-spatial patterns of climate variability (temperature, precipitation) & vegetation changes

• Methods

• Comparison & evaluation of existing climate data and localisation
• Long-term time series and high resolution time series
• Validation of changes with higher resolution systems (Landsat, Rapideye)
• On-site field work: Ground truthing, interviews with local inhabitants

High population mobility, migration deficit

• High population mobility, migration deficit

• Increasing rainfall variability and land degradation

Reduction of biological productivity of dryland ecosystems & degradation of ecosystem services as result of natural processes & human activities

• Reduction of biological productivity of dryland ecosystems & degradation of ecosystem services as result of natural processes & human activities

• Study areas characterized by

• decreasing soil productivity and reduced biodiversity
• decrease of agricultural production
• food insecurity
• increased livestock numbers
• deforestation, shortage of fuelwood
• phenomena of „greening“

Amounts of rainfall today lower than in the 1960s, rising precipiation in past 20 years

• Amounts of rainfall today lower than in the 1960s, rising precipiation in past 20 years

• Upward trends for the last 5 years & very abundant rainfalls in 2009/2010: very good harvests (ML; SN), but also flooding & crop failure (ML)

• Not only quantity, but distribution & timing of rainfall important: uncertain start & end of rainy season, heavy rainfalls increasing, persisting moisture on fields

• Other factors for good harvests: access to seeds, fertilizer, availability of land, labor force

Migration is predominantly internal or regional

• Migration is predominantly internal or regional

• Internal migration prevails

• - to cities capitals
• - Mali: also to rural destinations in the South

• Few international/regional migration to

• Europe, USA & Gulf States more common in Linguère, rare in Bandiagara
• Abidjan/Cote d‘Ivoire most important destination for
• migrants from Bandiagara

Most findings confirm existing studies

• Most findings confirm existing studies

• Migration characterized by

• multitude of migration destinations and objectives/motives
• „new obscurity“ of migration: rural-urban & seasonal migration prevails, but increasingly during the rainy season
• internal & international migration patterns are intertwined and affected by translocal provisioning strategies
• social networks are important for migration decisions & motives
• significant increase of female migration (sometimes sanctioned)
• Role of education leval & education as motive for migration

• Climate variability

• irregularity of rainfall considered as serious problem
• bad harvests and food shortages are motives for migration

Dealing with fragmented governance-systems in diverse policy-arenas

• Dealing with fragmented governance-systems in diverse policy-arenas

• Multi-level governance necessary with focus on citizen‘s needs

• Inreasing capabilities of the youth
• Education (not only education level, but quality)
• Labor in agriculture, industry, services
• Environment & nature protection
• Inclusive urban and regional development planning

• Important instruments at national level

• Development: Poverty reduction strategy papers (PRSP)
• Climate & environment: National Action plans (NAPA)
•  Implementation and ownership

Adamo, S.B. (2008): Addressing environmentally induced population displacements: A delicate task. Background Paper for the Population-Environment Research Network Cyberseminar “Environmentally Induced Population Displacements”, 18–29 August 2008 www.populationenvironmentresearch.org (2-21-2012)

• Adamo, S.B. (2008): Addressing environmentally induced population displacements: A delicate task. Background Paper for the Population-Environment Research Network Cyberseminar “Environmentally Induced Population Displacements”, 18–29 August 2008 www.populationenvironmentresearch.org (2-21-2012)

• Bilsborrow, R.E./ Henry, S.J.F. (2012): The use of survey data to study migration-environment relationships in developing countries: alternative approaches to data collection. Population and Environment 34, 113-141

• Black, R./D. Kniveton/R. Skeldon/D. Coppard/A. Murata/K. Schmidt-Verkerk (2008): Demographics and Climate Change: Future Trends and their Policy Implicationf for Migration. Development Research Centre on Migration, Globalisation and Poverty. Brighton: University of Sussex

• Doevenspeck, M. (2011): The Thin Line Between Choice and Flight: Environment and Migration in Rural Benin. International Migration, 49(S1): 50–68

• Findley, S.E. (1994): Does drought increase migration? A study of migration from rural Mali during the 1983–1985 drought. International Migration Review, 28(3): 539–553

• Foresight: Migration and Environmental Change (2011): Final Report. London: The Government Office for Science

• Hummel, D. (Ed.) (2008): Population dynamics and supply systems. A transdisciplinary approach. Frankfurt/New York

• Hummel, D.; Doevenspeck, M.; Samimi, C. (2012): Climate change, environment and migration in the Sahel. Selected issues with a focus on Senegal and Mali

• Hummel, D.; van der Land, V. (in print): Vulnerability and the Role of Education in Environmentally Induced Migration in Mali and Senegal“. Ecolgy and Society

• Piguet, E.; Pécoud, A.; de Guchteneire, P. (2011): Migration and Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

• Warner, K. (2011): Environmental change and migration: methodological considerations from ground-breaking global survey. Population and Environment 33: 3–27