Copyright 1996

Aurora Australia, across 5000 kilometres of the people through the long winter night Learning 
Southern Oiean, one of the roughest stretches 
to put up with their foibles the way they have 
of water on Earth Wax es can exceed 15 metres, to put up with yours Which is why everyone 
the ship can pitch 40 degrees and, if you're not 
applying for a job in Antarctica is interviewed 
a good sailor, even the industrial strength 
by a psychologist before being accepted As 
Avomine prescribed by Antarctic Division 
one veteran diesel mechanic at Davis put it 'If 
doctors won't keep breakfast down Most often 
you make an ass of yourself down here, there's
though, tourist ships sail from South American no place you can go '
ports, which offer the easiest access to the
Question* 25-29 
The paragraph below summarises information from Reading Passage 3 Select 
ONE word from the reading passage to fill each gap Write your answers in the 
span's numbered 25-29 on the answer sheet 
AnUmlitti in the WOs was a very different place from the Antarctica of the 1990s 
In those early da\s, 25 
was limited but today, with advancements in 
ti'k'iomnuiiiK.ations, 26 
calls are not only convenient, they are quite 
ihi'.ip But however ninth life in Antarctica improves to become more 
27 
in terms of facilities, accommodation and food, the 28 ____
ne\er changes Because of this, scientists, tradespeople, or tourists cannot travel 
out of Antarctica until at least 29 _____

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Questions 30-33 
Write the appropriate letter A, B, C or D in the spaces numbered 30-33 on 
the 
answer sheet. 
30. The early Antarctic explorers: 
A travelled to the continent during winter. 
B first explored Antarctica in the 1950s. 
C opened permanent bases in Antarctica. 
D were isolated by heavy snow falls. 
31. Those currently employed in Antarctica: 
A work only in summer. 
B maintain permanent all season bases. 
C are all publicly acknowledged. 
D are all scientists studying the environment. 
32. Recreational 
opportunities 
include: 
A staying in short term holiday huts. 
B working in modern workshops. 
C relaxing in ski lodges. 
D sailing to South America. 
33. The closure of Mawson base: 
A caused many explorers to leave Antarctica. 
B occurred in 1995. 
C symbolised the change to modern working conditions. 
D was welcomed by experienced Antarctic explorers. 

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Qnestions 34-37 
Five sentences have been left out of Reading Passage 3 Each sentence is divided 
into Beginning of Sentence and End of Sentence Complete questions 34-37 by 
adding a phrase from A-E Write your answers in the spaces numbered 34-37 on 
the answer sheet 
Example-
All workers . 
Answer.
B
Beginning of Sentence 
34 A major problem is to 
35 Expeditioners learn 
36 The pre-departure programs 
37 Long-term Antarctic residents learn 
End of Sentence 
concentrate on the vital aspects of living in a small, isolated 
A 
community 
B 
C 
undertake intensive training before going to Antarctica 
D 
btay through winter with no physical contact with the outside world 
E
to survive in freezing conditions, emergency rescue procedures, 
mountain climbing, radio communications and vehicle use and care 
to wait until summer for mail from home
Question:, 38-40 
In Reading Passage 3 a number of difficulties and their solutions are mentioned 
Answer uestions 38-40 by listing a solution for each difficulty Use ONE word for 
each solution All the words you use will come from Reading Passage 3 Write 
your solutions in the spaces numbered 38^10 on the answer sheet 
38 low spirits of the early expeditioners 
K 
39 seasickness 
40 how to check the personality of an Antarctic )ob-seeker 

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READING TEST 7 
QUESTIONS 1-14 
Yon are advised to spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-14 which refer to 
Reading Passage below 
READING PASSAGE 1 
For some time yet, much of our
using coaxial cable, microwave or satellite
telecommunicating will continue to depend on
transmission links This part of the network is
the existing web of thin copper wires that
referred to as the core network Within the core
telephomcally link most of our homes and
network, a technique known as multiplexing is
workplaces Making it possible for thnt
used so only a small number of physical
network to match the communications
connections are needed between each
demands of the near future will require new
telephone exchange As a result, each
technologies that widen the lanes on the
transmission link may carry thousands of
information highway
telephone conversations simultaneously
The standard telephone service is something
Traditionally the telephone network used
we take for granted in today's modern world
analogue switching and transmission
The public telecommunications network
techniques Since the 1970s, the core network
provides a reliable and highly accessible
has been progressively changed from an
service — we have high expectations and react
analogue to a digital network Digital
strongly when the service is unavailable To
technology offers better quality, with the
meet the demand for high reliability, and to
capability to actively regenerate the original
provide services economically the public
transmitted signal even when buried in
network is being progressively upgraded
unwanted noise Pulse C ode Modulation
(PCM) is the process in which Ihe analogue
Yet consumers are still waiting for the
telephone signal is converted to a digital one
widespread use of new services such as the
Each analogue voice signal is sampled at a rate
video phone, which was first demonstrated 30
of 8000 times a second, \v ith one sample
years ago What then is required to make new
represented by eight bits of digital mforma'.ion
services such as video telecommunications
Each voice signal therefore requires a 64
possible and widely available
7
Apart from the
kilobits/second transmission channel
availability of inexpensive video terminal
equipment, the key requirement is increased
The physical connections in the core network
bandwidth (that is, more available frequencies
have in recent years been changed to fibre optic
for transmission) which must be provided by
cable A large fibre optic network can connect
Ihe network at an affordable cost
many major metropolitan centres fibre optic
Understanding how this objective might be
cable is fundamentally the most important 
achieved requires a review of the existing
transmission technology because of the high
telecommunications network and the new
bandwidth that it offers
technologies that are expected to improve and
extend its capacity
The shift from the analogue to digital world
within the core network exchanges means that
The traditional telephone network consists of a
a majority of local exchanges are now digital
pair of copper wires connecting the customer
exchanges What then of the customer access
premises to a local exchange This is known as
network' A long term goal is to upgrade the
Ihe customer access network The local
customer access network using fibre optic
exchange is connected to other local exchanges
cable, which will allow the delivery of new
through a series of intermediate exchanges,
high bandwidth services such as video-on

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