Coursework
Chapter 3. Ways of the improvement of writing strategy
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Coursework
Chapter 3. Ways of the improvement of writing strategy
3.1 Writing concisely Part of writing well is writing concisely, ruthlessly removing dross. Most readers are busy and want to get your main points quickly. It’s unfriendly to make them read more than is necessary, especially in business, where a slew of unwanted verbiage falls on everyone at every level. For verbal economy, great literature and popular song provide lessons. There’s Shakespeare, whose Romeo and Juliet (c.1593) opens with this brisk backstory of the tragedy to come: ‘Two households, both alike in dignity / In fair Verona where we lay our scene / From ancient grudge break to new mutiny / Where civil blood makes civil hands unclean.’ Not a word wasted amid the tempting detail. Then there’s the song Gypsys, Tramps & Thieves (1971), first performed by Cher, which starts: ‘I was born in the wagon of a traveling show / My mama used to dance for the money they’d throw / Papa would do whatever he could / Preach a little gospel, sell a couple of bottles of doctor good.’ Again, economy of expression to describe a scrabbling, hand-to-mouth existence. Not that short is always good, though. To make things clear, you sometimes need more words. So plain, certainly, and concise, certainly. But not so plain and concise that you exclude essential points or sound blunt, rude, or graceless. Writing does need depth, too—you need to give enough evidence to make an argument stick. Removing dross enables your information to shine more clearly. In the early 1900s, Professor William Strunk used to tell his students: ‘Omit needless words, omit needless words, omit needless words.’ One should have been enough, but he was keen. He said that just as drawings should have no unnecessary lines and machines no unnecessary parts, so sentences should have no unnecessary words. Easy to agree with, perhaps, but hard to do. The key is to let the first draft stand as long as possible, then return and revise it. Then revise it again. And probably again. In business, of course, time is against you: that letter or report must go out tonight. And useless words aren’t always obvious—they have to be hunted. This chapter examines several ways of dealing with them: ● Striking out useless words (padding). ● Pruning the dead wood, grafting on the vigorous. ● Shortening wordy prepositional (‘prep’) phrases. ● Rewriting completely. It finishes with some examples for you to test your word-saving skills. But first, to show what’s possible, here’s a worked example that reduces a 95-word loan-company paragraph to just 59 words: Arrears at present subsist on your mortgage account in the sum of £1,032, with a further payment becoming due on the 11th April. In view of the account being a mortgage account, we are not in a position to stop interest being debited each month and in order to prevent the account situation from deteriorating, it is necessary that payments are received each month which represent the interest debit. At present this amount is £242 and therefore it is regretted your offer to make payments in the sum of £80 a month is not sufficient. First, strike the useless words: Arrears at present subsist on your mortgage account in the sum of £1,032, with a further payment becoming due on the 11 th April. In view of the account being a mortgage account, we are not in a position to stop interest being debited each month and in order to prevent the account situation from deteriorating, it is necessary that payments are received each month which represent the interest debit. At present this amount is £242 and therefore it is regretted that your offer to make payments in the sum of £80 a month is not sufficient. Then add vigorous or useful words (underlined): The arrears subsist on your mortgage account of are £1,032, and with a further paymentis due on 11 April. Regrettably we are not in a position to cannot stop interest being debited charged. Therefore, to prevent the account from deteriorating, arrears growing, it is necessary that you will need to pay the interest charge are received each month which represent the interest debit. At present this amount is £242, therefore so it is regretted we regret that your offer to pay £80 a month is not sufficient. So the revised version is: The arrears on your mortgage account are £1,032, and a further payment is due on 11 April. Regrettably we cannot stop interest being charged. Therefore, to prevent the arrears growing, you will need to pay the interest charge each month. At present this is £242, so we regret that your offer to pay £80 a month is not sufficient. At only 59 words, this is a cut of 38 per cent. It delivers the same facts and is just as courteous—perhaps more so. The ideal letter would also go on to offer the opportunity to discuss the matter and give sources of help and advice. The focus-group results showed a strong preference for the revised version over the original, with 29/34 people preferring it. It got an average clarity score of 17 marks out of 20, compared with only 10/20 for the original. Rewriting completely When there are far too many words for the message but neither of the first two methods will work, a total rewrite is the only alternative. Various signals may alert you to this need: ● The meaning isn’t clear. ● The sentence is long and the verbs are few. ● The verbs are feeble—for example, they are smothered by nouns , they are in the passive voice, or they are derived from ‘to be’ or ‘to have’ AIM OF PROPOSED CAR FLEET MANAGEMENT GUIDE This guide would have the objective of highlighting to car fleet managers the bestway to achieve, and the benefits of adopting, a professional approach vis-à-vis managing a car fleet. There are only a few publications at present covering the subject of car fleet management and with no current insurance company involvement there would appear to be a definite market niche for us to explore. If we define the main aims of the writing course as developing appropriate ranges of style coherently and easily used, teachers may well feel that the traditional concerns of spelling and basic grammatical errors are being neglected. In fact, while these are of some significance, and should be corrected by students as they learn to write good English, correction of these alone will not ensure that satisfactory English writing results. We would expect a good writing course to help students to correct their mistakes, but natural writing does not result primarily from exercises in avoiding mistakes, so we need to fit help with correction into a framework of more positive development of writing skills. 9 One possible objection to a course such as that outlined above is that it is severely functional. While it is true that most people learn foreign languages for functional reasons, it may well be asked what role there is in EFL for a creative approach to writing. It should be said at once that the kind of scheme outlined can be exciting, particularly when students genuinely feel that they are progressing successfully, and also that it can include imaginative story writing, both guided and free. At the same time, in the early stages, there is a tendency to emphasise accuracy at the expense of the fluency which can add genuine pleasure to the process of composition, particularly for the able student, in a foreign language. In practice, it may be sensible at the early stages to divide the aims, and to tell students that the purpose of the main writing course is to develop accuracy in the first instance, but that the teacher will be delighted to look at—for example—a diary or anything else written solely for pleasure in English. However, it is inadvisable to express willingness to ‘correct’ mistakes, 9 Josie Levine, Developing Writing Skills. - Manchester: Association for the Education of Pupils from Overseas, 1972. - 237p otherwise the situation is back to that of approaching a random mass of errors which cannot be systematically treated, and the whole purpose of the early controlled composition work was to avoid that. At the same time the teacher should be willing to discuss the content of freely written work with the students and to encourage them in every way, but they need to be made aware that they must have an ability to do ‘normal’ writing in English before they can justify being experimental. The emphasis in this chapter has been on controlling, defining and organising the writing course. It is clearly advantageous to the teacher to know exactly what he is doing, but even more the organisation enables the student to see his own progress in terms of a scheme. This builds up his confidence, and with language teaching confidence can be enormously important. 10 Download 0.69 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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