Criminal Psychology : a Beginner's Guide

STOP IT NOW!
'Stop it Now! UK and Ireland' is a campaign which aims to help stop child abuse and to protect children. It supports multi­agency projects (this includes organizations which work with children such as the police, social services, health and volun­tary organizations) and tries to raise awareness of the nature of abuse, change attitudes towards abuse so that people are more willing to talk about it, and change the behaviour of abusers and potential abusers.
The campaign is aimed at adults who have abused or are thinking about abusing. The campaign will offer support and advice for potential offenders and to help them change their behaviour. This is one of the first organizations in the UK which will help people who have not yet come to the attention of public agencies. It helps the families and friends of abusers to recognize the signs of abuse and offer advice about the support available. It also seeks to help parents in recognizing the signs of abuse in their children. It offers a telephone help line, runs media campaigns, sends out information leaflets, holds public meetings and trains professionals in the preven­tion of abuse.
www.stopitnow.org.uk
research skills of criminal psychologists are also used in evaluating the effectiveness of treatment, which can then feed into improve­ments in treatment for dangerous and sexual offenders. The work of criminal psychologists helps government, policy-makers and practitioners to improve treatment, management and supervision of offenders, which increases public protection and safety.
recommended further reading
Alexander, M. A. (1999) Sex offender treatment efficacy revisited. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 11, 101-16.
Cobley, C. (2000) Sex offenders: Law, policy and practice. Bristol: Jordans.
Marshall, W. L., Anderson, D. and Fernandez, Y. M. (1999). Cognitive behavioural treatment of sex offenders. Chichester: Wiley.
Nicholas, S., Povey, D., Walker, A. and Kershaw, C. (2005) Crime in England and Wales, 2004/2005: Home Office Statistical Bulletin. Available at http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs05/ hosb1105.pdf.
Ryan, G. and Lane, S. (1997) Juvenile sexual offending: Causes consequences and corrections, 2nd edn. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Hanson, R. K. (1997) Invoking sympathy - Assessment and treatment of empathy deficits among sexual offenders. In B. Schwartz and H. Cellini The sex offender: New insights, treat­ment innovations and legal developments. New Jersey: Civic Research Institute.
Thomas, T. (2005) Sex crime: Sex offending and society, 2nd edn. Cullumpton, UK: Willan Publishing.
Youth Justice Board (2004) Youth Justice Annual Statistics, 2003/2004. Available at http://www.youth-justice-board.gov.uk/ Publications/Scripts/prodView.asp?idproduct=199andeP=YJB.
index
Note to Index: cr. ps. is criminal psychologist

A
academic role of cr. ps. 13-14 Achieving Best Evidence (ABE 2002, update of MOGP) 63 actuarial role of cr. ps. 3 advisory role of cr. ps. 3-4
Aggression Replacement Training (ART) rehabilitation programme 164-166 anger control training 165 assessment of offenders 157-158 assessment/treatment of offenders
11-13, 157-158
aversion therapy 178
B
behavioural cues, detecting deception 68-73
body language, detecting deception 68
C
California Judicial Code Instructions, reasonable doubt 111
capital punishment 126-127 case linkage 5-6, 30-35 assumptions 32-33
case study, Jack the Ripper 31 evaluations of practice 33-34 case studies
academia 14
Cardiff three 38
case linkage (Jack the Ripper) 31 crime analysis 6
interviewing 8
treatment of offenders 12 cautions 102-103 children 60-62, 65-66
interviewing 60-62, 65-66 questioning in court 65-67 videotaping (MOGP 1992) 60-61 circle theory of environmental range 22
citizenship
neighbourhood watch schemes 49 patrols 50-51
clinical role of cr. ps. 3 closure of interview 63 cognitive behavioural treatment 178 sex offenders 178
cognitive interview (CI) 64-65 communication, judge and jury
110-111
Community Rehabilitation Order 182 community service 129-130 confessions by suspects 53-60 false confessions 53-54, 57-58 minimizing seriousness 56-57 consultancy
expert witnesses 10-11
offender profiling 18

Control Question Test (CQT) 80-81, 83
Correctional Service of Canada (CSC) 152
Accreditation Panel (CSAP) 154-155
crime analysis 5-6
case linkage 5-6
investigative (offender profiling) 6-7
meta-analysis 153
Crime Reduction Programme (UK) 152
criminal courts
courtroom language 108-111 cross-examination 65-66
interviewing witnesses 65-67 questioning in court 65-67 criminal investigations 4-5
offender profiling 6-7 criminal profiling see offender profiling
criminal/forensic psychology 2-4 actuarial role 3
advisory role 3-4
clinical role 3 definition 2
experimental role 3
criteria-based content analysis (CBCA) 74-75
cross-cultural punishment 125-127 cross-situational consistency,
offender profiling 25, 26
D
deception see detecting deception DeLorean, John, trial 105, 107-108 detecting deception 7-9, 68-87 behavioural cues 68-73 accuracy of professionals 70-72 beliefs about cues to lying 68-70 combined with speech cues 77-78
training in detection 72-73 visual analysis 78 email messages 77
police accuracy 70-72 polygraphs 78-84
criminal investigations 80-82 field studies 82-83 laboratory studies 82 reliability/validity 79-80
security screening 84 speech content 74-77 computer analysis 76-77 criteria-based content analysis (CBCA) 74-75
reality monitoring 75-76 speech cues 71-72
voice stress analysis 85
Devlin Committee, voice
identification evidence 97 Devlin Report (1976) 88
DNA profiling 38
and eyewitness testimony 89 due process 119-120
E
earwitness testimony 96-100 voice identification evidence
96-100
electronic tagging 184 email messages, deception and 77 emotions, and deceit 69
environmental range, circle theory 22 ethnic/community issues, policing 45-47
evidence