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References
Crystal, D. (2002) Language Death (Cambridge University Press).
Crystal, D. (2005) How Languages Work (London: Penguin Books).
European Commission (2012) ‘European Survey on Language Competence’, available 
at: http://ec.europa.eu/languages/eslc/docs/en/ 
final- report-escl_en.pdf (date 
accessed 22 December 2012).
Guy, V. and Mattock, J. (1991) An Action Guide to Cross- Cultural Business (London: 
Kogan Page).
Huntington, S. (2004) Who Are We? The Challenge to America’s National Identity (New 
York: Free Press).
Kachru, B. (1992) The Other Tongue (Urbana: University of Illinois Press).
Woodcock, N. (2012) ‘English Pupils at Bottom of Language Class’, The Times, 
22 June.
Further reading
Baugh, A. and Cable, T. (1993) A History of the English Language (London: 
Routledge).
Bhatt, R. (2001) ‘World Englishes’, Annual Review of Anthropology 30: 527–50.
Bragg, M. (2003) The Adventure of English: A Biography of a Language (London: Hodder 
& Stoughton).
Bryson, B. (1990) Mother Tongue (London: Hamish Hamilton).
Burridge, K. (2004) Blooming English (Cambridge University Press).
Cohen, R. (2001) ‘Language and Conflict Resolution: The Limits of English’, 
International Studies Review 33(1): 25–51.
Crystal, D. (1996) The Cambridge Encyclopaedia of Languages (Cambridge University 
Press).
Crystal, D. (1997) English as a Global Language (Cambridge University Press).
Crystal, D. (2004) The Language Revolution (Cambridge: Polity Press).
Graddol, D. (1997) The Future of English? (London: The British Council).
Graddol, D. (2006) English Next: Why Global English May Mean the End of English as a 
Foreign Language (London: The British Council).
Hogg, R. and Denison, D. (eds) (2006) A History of the English Language (Cambridge 
University Press).
Hurn, B.J. (2009) ‘Will International Business Always Speak English?’ Industrial and 
Commercial Training 41(6): 299–304.
Jenkins, J. (2009) World Englishes (London: Routledge).
Knowles, G. (1997) A Cultural History of the English Language (Oxford University 
Press).
Kramsch, C. (1998) Language and Culture (Oxford University Press).
Nettler, D. and Romaine, S. (2000) Vanishing Languages (Oxford University Press).
Ostler, N. (2010) Futures of English (London: Allen Lane).
Pennycook, A. (2008) Global Englishes and Transcultural Flows (London: Routledge).
Philipson, R. (2007) ‘Linguistic Imperialaism’, Language Policy 6: 377–83.
Pinker, S. The Language Instinct (London: Penguin Books).
Sapir, E. (1996) Culture, Language and Personality (Berkeley, CA: University of California 
Press).

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The International Use of English 77
Sewell, C. (2006) Language Learning for Work in a Multilingual World (London: CILT 
Publications).
Sharifran, F. (2009) English as an International Language: Perspectives and Pedagogical 
Issues (Bristol: Multilingual Matters).
Storti, C. (2001) The Art of Crossing Cultures (London: Nicholas Brealey Publishing).
Wardbaugh, R. (1993) Investigating Language (Oxford: Blackwell).

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78
5
Developing Cross- Cultural 
Communication Skills
78
Summary
Key areas
Written and electronic communication
Presentations to international audiences
Development of listening skills
Networking
Uniting Europe through Cultures (UNEC)
Non- verbal communication
Recommendations for best practice
In Chapter 1, we examined barriers to effective cross- cultural communication. 
In this chapter, we look at how we can develop our cross- cultural skills in 
the key areas of:
language – the words we use;
medium – the medium by which we communicate (oral, written, aural, 
electronic);
behaviour – the way we use language to convey formality and informal-
ity, power and status, and how we get things done. It also includes non-
verbal communication.
To achieve effective communication across cultures, we need to consider all 
three aspects.