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Further reading
Bennett, M. (1998) Basic Concepts of Intercultural Communication (London: Nicholas 
Brealey Publishing).
Brewster, C. (1991) The Management of Expatriates (London: Kogan Page).
Chartered Institute of Personnel Development (2005) Factsheets: Recruitment, 
Psychological Testing (London: CIPD).
Dowling, P., Welch, D. and Schuler, R. (1999) International Human Resource Management: 
Managing People in a Multinational Context (Cincinnati, OH: South Western College 
Publications).
Hurn, B. (1999) ‘Repatriation – The Toughest Assignment of All’, Industrial and 
Commercial Training 31(6): 224–8.
Joynt, P. and Morton, B. (eds) (2000) The Global Human Resource Manager (London: 
CIPD).
Marx, E. (2001) Breaking Through Culture Shock (London: Nicholas Brealey 
Publishing).
Pilbeam, S. and Corbridge, M. (2006) People Resourcing: Contemporary Human Resource 
Management in Practice (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall).
Selmer, J. (2005) ‘Expatriate Selection: Back to Basics?’, International Journal of Human 
Resource Management 12(8): 68–84.
Weaver, G. (ed.) (1998) ‘Culture Shock and the Problems of Adjustment in 
New Cultural Environments’ in Culture, Communication and Conflict Reading in 
International Relations, 2nd edn (New York: Simon & Schuster), pp. 185–6.

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7
Leadership Across Cultures
Management and leadership: definition
Research in the field of leadership and management has not produced a 
universally accepted theory that can adequately explain the difference 
between the two terms. However, there is general agreement that leader-
ship depends more on personality, even charisma, the ability to motivate 
and communicate with others, and vision. It is therefore more of an art, 
whereas the practice of management is more of a science, depending more 
on ascribed power and authority with the focus on decision making and 
administration.
Edgar Schein (1992) considers that: ‘The unique function of leadership 
that distinguishes it from management and administration is concern for 
culture.’
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Summary
Definition: management and leadership
Challenges facing twenty- first- century leaders
Action- Centred Leadership
Situational leadership
Required competencies
The international manager
Leadership styles
Leadership development for women
Global leadership training
The GLOBE project
The Intercultural Competence Assessment (INCA) Project
Selection
Performance appraisal

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126 Cross-Cultural Communication