Culture and the Individual s ociety, Culture
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European American Latin American Islamic Indic Asian Austral European Black African RUSSIA Western European American Latin American Islamic Indic Asian Austral European Black African Slavic 160 ° 160 ° ARCTIC OCEAN ARCTIC OCEAN Cultural regions of the world. Society, Culture, & Cultural Change 83 Study and Review S ome Important Terms conventions (69) cultural alternatives (70) cultural diffusion (75) cultural evolution (67) cultural integration (70) cultural lag (80) cultural objects (artifacts) (70) cultural relativism (82) cultural universal (72) culture (67) discovery (74) ethnocentrism (83) habits (78) ideology (76) Internet (73) invention (75) language (71) laws (70) mores (70) multiculturalism (67) pluralism (68) social evolution (74) social institution (70) socialization (67) social problem (79) social values (71) society (68) vested interest (78) K ey Points Culture holds society together. Important elements of culture include social norms, social institutions, material products, language, and social values. Three popular theories of cultural change includethe “good-old days” theory, “the world is getting better” theory, and the “change runs in cycles” theory. Five factors that cause culture to change are tech- nology, cultural diffusion, ideas and ideologies, collective action, and geography and climate. Three factors stabilizing culture are stability of social norms, habit, and value attachment. The cultural lag theory states that a change in any one part of culture may create strains and disturbances in the closely related parts. The doctrine of cultural relativism states that all cultures are for the most part equally valid. Q uestions for Review and Discussion General Questions 1. What is the definition of culture given in the text? 2. What is cultural evolution? 3. Do the authors see monoculturalism and multi- culturalism as opposites? Why or why not? 4. What are some examples of conventions, mores, and laws found in U.S. society? 5. What are social institutions? 6. What are social values? Give some examples. Do you think Americans could ever accept infanticide as a positive social value? Why or why not? 7. Why are the cultures of primitive societies more integrated than the cultures of modern industrial societies? 8. Explain the relationship between culture and society. 9. What developments of the last five or six centuries do you think have been of greatest importance in speeding up the rate of social change? Explain why in each case. 10. Distinguish between the concepts of social evo- lution and social change. 11. Explain the relation of social change to the follow- ing: discovery and invention, cultural diffusion, ideas and ideologies. 12. Why does social change usually encounter strong resistance? Is this fortunate or unfortunate? Explain. 13. What is a social problem? Why is a particular social problem often difficult to define or isolate? 14. State the theory of cultural lag and discuss its limitations. 15. What is cultural relativism? How does this concept relate to ethnocentrism? 16. Of today ’s major social problems, which three seem to you most critical? Defend your choices. 84 Culture and the Individual 17. Sometimes we are dissatisfied with aspects of our social system. Should we therefore dismantle it completely and start over? Why or why not? Internet Questions 1. The site http://www.toolpack.com/culture.html discusses cultural change at the organizational (business) level. What is organizational culture? Name the four companies used as examples of successful cultures. 2. Look through the website for the United States Golf Association http://www.usga.org/. Is the USGA a social institution? Do golfers comprise a society? 3. Go to https://www.youtube.com/watch?v= FOe-x1aUP2o www.youtube.com/watch?v= Wy9wXCxVxhw and watch part one of the video about Indian boarding schoolsthe Navajo. What resulted from the interaction of Anglo- American and Navajo Native cultures? What term from this chapter best illustrates the views of Civil War gen- eral William Sherman and How was General Pratt ’s comment, “Kill the Indian, save the man” reflected in the actions of the U.S. government concerning the education of Native Navajo children? 4. Go to http://www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/ french-phrases.html and read some of the French phrases that have become commonly used in English. Do you think this is an example of cultural diffusion? Give your own example of cultural diffusion. 5. Read the article at “http://www.irespect.net/Untold %20Stories/Chinese/Chinese%20Values.htm ” http://www.irespect.net/UntoldStories/Chinese/ Chinese Values.htm on Chinese social values. Whose teachings largely influence these values? Are there values that Chinese and American cultures share? F or Further Study Books to Explore Bronson, Po, and Ashley Merryman, NurtureShock: New Thinking About Children, New York: Grand Central Publishing, 2009. Eberstadt, Mary, Home-Alone America: The Hidden Toll of Day Care, Wonder Drugs, and Other Parent Substitutes, New York: Sentinel, 2004. Friedman, Thomas L., The World Is Flat: A Brief History of the Twenty-First Century, Penguin/Allen Lane, 2005. Henig, Robin Marantz, Pandora ’s Baby: How the First Test- Tube Babies Sparked the Reproductive Revolution, New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2004. Mead, Margaret, Continuities in Cultural Evolution, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1964. O ’Keefe, Kevin, The Average American: The Extraordinary Search for the Nation ’s Most Ordinary Citizen, New York: Public Affairs, 2005. Schlosser, Eric, Fast Food Nation, New York: Perennial/Har- perCollins, 2004. Shweder, Richard, Why Do Men Barbecue? Recipes for Cul- tural Diversity, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003. Weiner, Mark S., Black Trials: Citizenship from the Beginnings of Slavery to the End of Caste, New York: Knopf, 2004. Weinstein, Jay, Social Change, Lanham, MD: Rowman & Lit- tlefield, 2010. Zeigler, Alexis, Conscious Cultural Evolution: Understanding Our Past, Choosing Our Future, Charlottesville, VA: Ecodem Press, 2000. Internet Sites to Explore “http://www.quantonics.com/Famous_CRites.html” Adherents of Cultural Relativism. “http://www.executiveplanet.com” Business Culture Guide. “http://www.cal.org/” Center for Applied Linguistics. “http://www.pitt.edu/dash/folktexts.html” Folklore and Mythology Electronic Texts. “http://www.isoc.org” Internet Society. Society, Culture, & Cultural Change 85 Document Outline
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