Economic Growth Second Edition
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BarroSalaIMartin2004Chap1-2
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(τ) = c (τ + ) λ · () If the conjectured solution is correct, c (τ + ) must approach c(τ) as tends to zero. Otherwise, c (t) would exhibit jumps at all points in time, and the conjectured answer would be wrong. The unique value of λ that delivers this correspondence follows immediately as λ = 1/ = 1 ∞ 0 e −[ρv+φ(v)] d v (2.61) where we use the notation ≡ (0). To summarize, the solution for the household’s consumption problem under log util- ity is that c (t) be set as the fraction λ of wealth at each date, where λ is the constant shown in equation (2.61). The solution is time consistent because, if c (t) is chosen in this Growth Models with Consumer Optimization 127 manner at all future dates, it will be optimal for consumption to be set this way at the current date. 35 Inspection of equation (2.61) reveals that λ = ρ in the standard Ramsey case in which φ(v) = 0 for all v. To assess the general implications of φ(v) for λ, it is convenient to rewrite equation (2.62) as λ = ∞ 0 e −[ρv+φ(v)] · [ρ + φ (v)] dv ∞ 0 e −[ρv+φ(v)] d v (2.62) Since the numerator of equation (2.62) equals unity, 36 this result corresponds to equa- tion (2.61). The form of equation (2.62) is useful because it shows that λ is a time-invariant weighted average of the instantaneous rates of time preference, ρ + φ (v). Since φ (v) ≥ 0, φ (v) ≤ 0, and φ (v) → 0 as v → ∞, it follows that ρ ≤ λ ≤ ρ + φ (0) (2.63) That is, λ is intermediate between the long-run rate of time preference, ρ, and the short-run, instantaneous rate, ρ + φ (0). The determination of the effective rate of time preference can be quantified by specifying the form of φ(v). Laibson (1997a) proposes a “quasi-hyperbola” in discrete time, whereby φ(v) = 0 in the current period and e −φ(v) = β in each subsequent period, where 0 < β ≤ 1. (Phelps and Pollak, 1968, also use this form.) In this specification, the discount factor between today and tomorrow includes the factor β ≤ 1. This factor does not enter between any two adjacent future periods. Laibson argues that β would be substantially less than one on an annual basis, perhaps between one-half and two-thirds. This quasi-hyperbolic case can be applied to a continuous-time setting by specifying φ(v) = 0 for 0 ≤ v ≤ V , e −φ(v) = β for v > V (2.64) 35. This approach derives equation (2.61) as a Cournot–Nash equilibrium but does not show that the equilibrium is unique. Uniqueness is easy to demonstrate in the associated discrete-time model with a finite horizon, as considered by Laibson (1996). In the final period, the household consumes all of its assets, and the unique solution for each earlier period can be found by working backward sequentially from the end point. This result holds as long as Download 0.79 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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