Edition 2020 Ninth edition
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a6048c931cdc93 TEGOVA EVS 2020 digital
velopment" was promoted by the World Commission on Environment and Devel-
opment (the Brundtland Commission) which reported in 1987. It has since been a key component in many policy discussions on economic, social and environmen- tal issues. In its report, Our Common Future, the Brundtland Commission defined it as: "Development which meets the needs of current generations without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs." The Commission's proposals were approved by the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development at Rio de Janeiro in 1992 leading to both national and international attention, including the United Nations Commission for Sustain- able Development. 2.4. It has proved to be an enduring, broad but vague, portmanteau concept. Its for- mulation does not arbitrate between economic, environmental and social objec- tives where they conflict. Indeed, as the emphasis between these objectives will vary between parties and situations as well as over time, this very fluidity may assist its general acceptability, if not its robustness. No more precise definition has emerged and it will have different practical connotations for different people, in different contexts and over time. 198 III. Valuation and Sustainability European Valuation Standards 2020 2.5. With the developing momentum of such policy discussions, sustainable devel- opment may be best understood as a process rather than a defined end, that process currently being increasingly influenced by concerns over climate change and resources. 2.6. A variety of tools and concepts has evolved to consider environmental issues for property, including Life Cycle Assessment, Cradle to Cradle, Ecological Footprint Analysis and green buildings. More widely, the use of concepts such as Natural Capital and Ecosystem Services play a part in policy and public choice, influenc- ing private behaviour. In varying ways, they consider the impact of development on the environment and ecological systems over time, with greater efficiency in the use of resources and less degradation of the environment, developing resil- ience and adaptability and with concerns about social equity. These are meas- ured through a growing range of audits, procedures and indicators all trying to capture aspects of the larger concept and influence decisions and so increasingly bearing on the use and development of land, property and buildings. This is not only through public policy and regulation but also by market perceptions and the demands of investors, businesses and their customers. 2.7. One challenge in analysing this is to understand for each case whether addressing sustainability adds or subtracts value. It can be seen as a cost and a restriction. Equally, economic opportunities can be seen in green growth with its accompany- ing technical innovation, while meeting standards may protect or enhance value. Once a regulatory or market standard is seen as the norm, then failing to meet it may see the values of non-compliant properties penalised. 2.8. At the larger level, it has been conventional to see economic growth as a chal- lenge to environmental concerns but there is evidence (sometimes summarised in the Environmental Kuznets Curve) that higher levels of economic development can see reduced environmental degradation, perhaps partly as resources are then available to tackle the issues that are then of increasing concern and also as the nature of economic activity and the technology used changes. This transition with rising economic activity appears to reduce local externalities first, with more dis- persed externalities being addressed at higher income levels. As techniques to reduce degradation are developed so it becomes easier for others to adopt them. 2.9. Increasing knowledge, sophistication and scientific advance also open up new challenges — few would have been troubled by CO 2 emissions forty years ago — but also new ways of mitigating and adapting to them. European Valuation Standards 2020 III. Valuation and Sustainability 199 2.10. As the concepts become clearer in practice and guidance develops so they are likely to create intangible assets which will themselves need valuation where they can be separated from the underlying asset. 2.11. These developments naturally become a topic for exploration by the valuation profession. The Vancouver Valuation Accord of 2007 was an early internation- al forum for discussing the valuation issues associated with the sustainability debate: "a commitment by valuation standards organizations globally to begin the Download 1.74 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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