Edition 2020 Ninth edition
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a6048c931cdc93 TEGOVA EVS 2020 digital
1. Introduction
2. Sustainability 3. Sustainability and property users 4. Developing "green" standards for property 5. Valuation and sustainability 194 III. Valuation and Sustainabilty European Valuation Standards 2020 1. Introduction 1.1. The twin pressures of economics and public policy have led to greater attention being paid to a range of resource issues, covered by the concept of sustainabili- ty. It can be expected that both regulation and market sentiment will make these issues of environmental performance and sustainability increasingly important to those concerned with property and buildings and so, where relevant, to valu- ation. Indeed, many larger corporate clients and those with ethical concerns look to meet rising standards with regard to sustainability and expect similar standards from those with whom they deal. They are likely to raise the matter when seeking valuation advice. 1.2. It is very clear that these issues are evolving, not only with greater scientific knowl- edge and the experience of policy but also the much enhanced focus on climate change mitigation and adaptation. For mitigation, several EU member states have adopted the target of reducing greenhouse gas emissions to "net zero" by 2050 and this theme has now been taken up by the 2019 EU Commission which brought forward proposals in December 2019 for a European Green Deal with 49 proposals for using regulation, trade and investment policy to cut carbon emissions. Adap- tation is about resilience in the face of climatic change, whether that be flood- ing, extreme heat, water shortage or storm. Both those pressures and the gath- ering momentum of policy interventions in response seem likely to drive major changes. As the incoming President of the Commission, Ursula von der Leyen, told the COP25 climate change conference: "Our goal is to be the first climate neutral continent by 2050. If we want to achieve that goal, we have to act now." Land use and buildings are among the key policy issues seen as both problems and solutions in this context with property now forming 10 per cent of global in- vestment portfolios. 1.3. Illustrating those challenges: • As seen in areas from Venice and the Elbe catchment to the lower Danube and the French Mediterranean coast, built property with people's lives, businesses and investments may be at risk from flooding whether from sudden storms, widespread rainfall or rising sea levels with consequent effects on develop- ment potential; • Periods of extreme heat result in increasing mortality, make many buildings uncomfortable for use and increasing the risk of landscape-wide fires; European Valuation Standards 2020 III. Valuation and Sustainabilty 195 • Heat and water shortage constrain both development and food production as well as imposing stress on forestry; • Some land use patterns in Europe result in serious soil erosion with result- ing problems; • Globally, such changes drive hardship and pressure for migration. That has led to financial authorities developing approaches from the Task Force for Climate-related Disclosure to warnings of the risk of mis-pricing assets that might prove to be unsustainable as current trends unfold. 1.4. While promoting adaptation and resilience in the face of those challenges, policy makers are emphasising measures for climate change mitigation, many bearing on property, including: • Carbon sequestration through land management, including the 4 per 1000 in- itiative launched at the Paris Climate Conference to raise soil organic carbon levels, removing carbon from the atmosphere and potentially beneficial to much of agriculture and aiding water management, as well as forestry and peat land restoration; • The development of renewable energy using land and buildings, with lo- cation (including access to a grid connection and planning constraints) often mattering; • With buildings seen to account for 40 per cent of energy consumption in the EU and 36 per cent of its greenhouse gas emissions, driving for greater energy efficiency when net zero buildings set a standard in advance of most current construction; • The consequences for property of measures taken to decarbonise transport, potentially changing values by location. 1.5. Wider issues around other environmental themes from biodiversity to the quality of air and water are all now feeding into the discussion of sustainability, the optimal use of resources for the future. 1.6. The emphases between the issues involved will change as legislation and market sentiment develop. While they may often still be externalities in economic terms, not influencing values, regulation (including taxation) and new markets such as for carbon is likely to increase the impact of these issues, partly to address the problems posed for policies by externalities. Thus, while the market may often not have taken significant account of many of these issues, it seems increasingly likely that it will. As specific issues crystallise and become understood, so they 196 III. Valuation and Sustainability European Valuation Standards 2020 become part of standard practice. It may be inevitable that much discussion of sustainability as a concept focuses on those issues that have not yet crystallised including some that may not do so. 1.7. The increasing salience of energy issues, driven by cost, resource issues and now climate change concerns, give a good example of this evolution. The introduction of gradually strengthening regulation (such as the now re-cast EU Energy Per- formance of Buildings Directive with its Energy Performance Certificates (EPCs) and other tools) for new and existing building stock will lead to more sensitivity concerning a building's energy performance and efficiency. With further pressure for this proposed in the European Green Deal, this means that labelling and cer- tification systems using independent information will be used more often, regu- lations on energy codes will become stricter and subsidies and tax relief might be available when building energy efficient houses — due to the internalisation of negative external effects. As and where such rules and any differences between more and less compliant properties come to matter to parties such as owners, buyers, tenants, lenders and others, then the market will take that into account in capital and Rental Values, alongside all other factors. It may well be that concerns over water scarcity and quality or other matters will follow a similar path. 1.8. Many of the issues covered by sustainability involve a long term perspective, such as expectations as to energy prices or handling environmental risk, while the necessary specific information may often be uncertain and the analytical tools still developing. However, those limitations do not make the questions any less important. 1.9. Valuers must act within the limits of their professional skills and current market expectations. This will usually mean that they will need to call on relevant exper- tise, certification and reports as to a property's sustainability rather than prepare them personally. This follows existing practice regarding environmental issues such as the assessment of contamination, asbestos, flood risk or soil erosion for which valuers need to be able to understand what the specialist reports might mean and judge what weight to give to them. Valuers can only value on the basis of the market as it is, not hypothesise about the future. This Part III of EVS 2020 is offered to assist valuers' awareness of and sensitivity to these issues and so their understanding of markets as they evolve. European Valuation Standards 2020 III. Valuation and Sustainability 197 2. Sustainability 2.1. At a general level, sustainability is the capacity to endure. While this paper focuses on the environmental aspects of sustainability, it also has economic and social dimensions and many of the issues of economic sustainability may already be ma- terial to valuations. Indeed, economic concepts such as sustainable rental income or sustainable cash flow long pre-date the current uses of the word. Resilience is the capacity to withstand, absorb and recover from shocks. 2.2. As pressures on resources and natural systems have grown, so attention has focused on the extent to which this capacity can be protected by intervention and management. The focus on environmental constraints has led to one definition of sustainability as improving the quality of human life while living within the carrying capacity of supporting ecosystems. 2.3. Sustainable development — That approach already implies the problems of rec- onciling sustainability with any action or change. The concept of "sustainable de- Download 1.74 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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