Edition 2020 Ninth edition
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a6048c931cdc93 TEGOVA EVS 2020 digital
process to embed sustainability into valuation and appraisals", to make it a main-
stream consideration. 2.12. Natural capital and ecosystem services valuations — A growing body of work, at first for determining and applying economic and environmental policy but now bearing on property valuation and management, is developing approaches to put values on such resource and environmental issues as: • Pollution, energy and materials; • Environmental protection and resource management; • Natural resource assets; • Valuation of non-market flows and environmentally adjusted aggregates. Others have adapted this for topics such as fishing, water and agriculture. Noting the existing guidelines for integrating ecosystem services into decision making, the European Union Green Deal proposes that "All EU policies should contribute to preserving and restoring Europe's natural capital". 2.13. The underlying model is to see the stock of nature, whether recognised by markets or not, as natural capital giving rise to services from food to the quality of air and water, from cultural landscapes to soil quality and pollination. Eroding natural capital diminishes the stock of nature; generating more ecosystem services may augment it. 2.14. The developing exploration of these concepts as tools for public policy choices and potentially for private transactions to place values, agreed between buyers and sellers, on achieving environmental outcomes, as through the management of property, may begin to bring market mechanisms to this area and so potentially aid resolution of the many current externalities. An example of this is the biodi- versity net gain proposal for development in England. Building on the experience of biodiversity offsetting for development, this would impose a statutory require- ment for development to result in a 10 per cent gain in biodiversity (using official metrics), whether achieved on-site, off-site or through the purchase of credits. 200 III. Valuation and Sustainability European Valuation Standards 2020 While promoting the policy goal, that could encourage development towards less damaging sites or sites with less biodiversity (noting that some brownfield land may have higher diversity value). 2.15. Such approaches, commonly developed from an environmental economics back- ground but using words recognisable to valuers, tend to identify values that can be on very different assumptions from those required by the valuation profession's standards and which might not always be objective. The resulting assessments, commonly reflecting externalities and often very sensitive to changes in assump- tions, can nonetheless be useful for public policy, according to the realism of their assumptions and rigour of their analysis, but will not be either a Market Value or a Fair Value. 2.16. Such values assessed for Natural Capital seem best understood as representing the Investment Value (see EVS 2) ; the worth to society (or another interested party) of what is being measured. That helps policy makers make choices, when ranked against the costs of options, and so inform them as buyers, acting for society, seeking changes in behaviour in the private sector. Those more economics-based ecosystem valuations appear of greater relevance for comparing options using relative values, rather than identifying absolute values. 2.17. Where that leads to purchase of public goods, whether directly by state agencies or by other bodies such as companies acting in this area for their own objectives, it sees the emergence of transaction prices where it is mutually beneficial to buyers and potential providers of such services to come to an agreement. Those prices may become analogous to Fair Value, and even in time to Market Value, as a greater body of experience and comparables accumulates. 3. Sustainability and property users 3.1. Especially since the 2015 Paris Agreement on climate change, work on sustainabil- ity is increasingly driven by climate concerns and so focuses on energy and carbon issues. This bears on all aspects of a business including property and buildings as well as many other issues from air quality to biodiversity for which the EU's Green Deal proposes a Biodiversity Strategy. 3.2. Owners and occupiers of property may have a variety of motives for considering sustainability in general or specific aspects of it, such as energy efficiency in par- ticular. These may range from personal commitment to cost-cutting, from com- plying with regulation to seeing it as an advantage with customers. European Valuation Standards 2020 III. Valuation and Sustainability 201 3.3. With the increasing prominence of climate change as a source of policy concern, the association of buildings with some 40 per cent of energy consumption makes property a particular focus of attention and comment. Nonetheless, energy costs may only form some 1 per cent of some businesses' operating costs, while staff costs may account for as much as 85 per cent of the operating costs of an office tenant. Such ratios have limited the impact of energy issues on rents and values. It could equally suggest that the aspects of the building that influence the working environment may have a perhaps unrecognised importance. Where tenants are willing to pay higher rents for compliant properties then that will assist values, but they may only do so if they see benefits in occupying a green building. In practice, attitudes may vary over the economic cycle. 3.4. For those owners and businesses that make purely commercial judgements, the necessary investment has to show an acceptable return. It may be that in- vestment in improving building equipment (such as heating, ventilation, air con- ditioning or for chilling) may not appear justified by the financial benefits of the improved energy efficiency or the market premium of that property. Green leases Download 1.74 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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