Education of the republic of uzbekistan termez state university

3. Methods and techniques in teaching English grammar
One of several factors that makes students successful in learning English as a foreign language is determined by the methods and techniques used by the English teachers in English language teaching. Of course, the methods and the techniques applied by the teachers in the classroom vary from one teacher to another teacher. In addition, the methods and techniques used rely on the language skills and language components, the objective of teaching and learning designed, students’ English proficiency levels as well as the teachers’ knowledge and experience in implementing the methods and techniques used when teaching and learning takes place in the classroom. Grammar as one of the language components has an important role to play to support the students to be able to learn and use productive skills (speaking and writing), and receptive skills (listening, and reading). Therefore, this paper limits its discussions on methods and techniques used in teaching Grammar in ELT. In this paper, the writer will discuss the definitions of methods, techniques, teaching and how the teachers apply them practically in the classroom. It is expected that this paper is useful not only to increase the quality of English teachers but also the quality of students or graduates from the schools.
Based on the idea of David Noonan that the communicative approach is currently the unifying name for many different methods and ways of teaching English , we will consider some of these methods separately.
Total Physical Response or the method of full physical response appeared in the second half of the 20th century and was used in teaching children of primary school age and preschoolers. This happened thanks to the observations of the famous psychology professor James Asher. Studying the behavior of children, he noticed that before they themselves learn to speak, children listen to the speech of their parents and follow their commands. So, he came up with the idea that words and phrases are best remembered if they are responded to with action. [26,79–84]
James Asher also suggested that when teaching children, a language, it is worth using not only the left hemisphere of the brain, which is responsible for abstract-logical thinking and language abilities, but also the right hemisphere, through movements and visual materials.
In essence, TPR is a way of memorizing new material through gestures, facial expressions, and following commands. Since visual-figurative thinking prevails in children at 7-8 years old, it is much easier for them to remember something through a picture, image or gesture, which is the essence of TPR . For example, studying the topic " Toys ", you can enter the action " I kiss a doll ", “I hug a teddy bear”, “I drive a car”, “I fly a plane”. And this is extremely appropriate for a communicative approach, since children learn not just words, but whole sentences. Thus avoiding learning the rules for constructing sentences.
How to use TPR in class?
Here is a basic method for using Total Physical Response in the classroom:

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  The teacher performs an action, both demonstrating and saying it (e.g., “I’m brushing my teeth,”). Be prepared to exaggerate, use gesture, facial expressions, and props if necessary
  
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  Call on the students to repeat the action
  
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  Repeat once more
  
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  Write the verb/phrase on the board
  
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  Repeat with other verbs and return to them regularly during the semester to check retention
  

Try these four activities
1. Songs and nursery rhymes: These provide excellent TPR potential. Plus, once you’ve prepared memorable, creative actions for the songs you’ll have ROI for the rest of your teaching career!
2. Simon Says: The classic TPR game.
3. Circle games: The teacher says and performs an action which students repeat. The last student to react is out. (You may like to have this student watch for whoever is out next.)
4. Scavenger Hunt Challenge: Divide the class in teams and give instructions one by one, such as:

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  Bring me something orange
  
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  March like a soldier
  
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  Shout out your favorite color
  
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  Dance salsa
  

Objectives
The general objectives of Total Physical Response are to teach oral proficiency at a beginning level. Comprehension is a means to an end, and the ultimate aim is to teach basic speaking skills. A TPR course aims to produce learners who are capable of an uninhibited commu­nication that is intelligible to a native speaker. Specific instructional objectives are not elaborated, for these will depend on the particular needs of the learners. Whatever goals are set, however, must be attainable through the use of action-based drills in the imperative form.
The main advantages of TPR are:
- involuntary memorization of vocabulary and grammar;
- great variability of activities (children can follow commands, act out skits, stage songs, play different games " Simon Says ", charades, etc.);
- the ability to integrate into any lesson (as a physical warm-up).
Are there any disadvantages with using TPR?
Students who are not used to such things might find it embarrassing. This can be the case initially but we have found that if the teacher is prepared to perform the actions, the students feel happier about copying. Also the students are in groups and don't have to perform for the whole class. This pleasure is reserved for the teacher.
It is only really suitable for beginner levels.
Whilst it is clear that it is far more useful at lower levels because the target language lends itself to such activities I have also used it successfully with Intermediate and Advanced levels. You need to adapt the language accordingly.
For example, it helped me to teach 'ways of walking' (stumble, stagger, tiptoe) to an advanced class and cooking verbs to intermediate students (whisk, stir, grate).
You can't teach everything with it and if used a lot it would become repetitive. we completely agree with this but it can be a successful and fun way of changing the dynamics and pace of a lesson used in conjunction with other methods and techniques.