Экзамен по стилистике Stylistics as a science and style as a main stylistic category

Connotative meaning is connected with the conditions and participants of communication. Connotation comprises four components: emotive, appraising(evaluative), expressive and stylistic. If denotation is obligatory in any word, connotation is optional. All four components of connotation can be acting together, or in different combinations or can be entirely absent.

1. 
   Emotional component of meaning can be usual or occasional. A word possesses emotional component of meaning if it expresses any emotion or feeling. Emotional component appears on the basis of logical meaning but tends to oust the logical meaning or modify it (f.e. honey). We should not confuse emotional meaning of the word with the words which name emotions (fear, delight, cheerful) or arouse associations because of the denotative meaning (death, tears). But we should pay attention to the amount of words in the text.
   
2. 
   Appraising component appears when the word expresses positive or negative attitude to the object it names. Appraising component is closely connected with logical and can be the part of the dictionary meaning of the word (sneak – move silently and secretly for a bad purpose)
   
3. 
   The word has an expressive component in its meaning if it underlines and enlarges on the object named by the word and words surrounding it. (She was a thin, frail little thing. Noun+adjectives)
   
4. 
   The word possesses stylistic meaning or is stylistically colored if it is typical for definite functional styles and preserves this coloring even when used in non-typical situations of communication.
   

Speak on lexical stylistic devices. Enumerate them
Stylistic devices are based on the comparison of primary (dictionary) meaning and that dictated by the contextual environment; on the contradiction between the meaning of the given word and the environment; on the association between words in the minds of the language speakers and on the purposeful deviation from accepted grammatical and phonetic standards. The majority of lexical stylistic devices are based on the principles of similarity of objects, their contrast or proximity.