Экзамен по стилистике Stylistics as a science and style as a main stylistic category

Stylistic devices (SDs) and expressive means (EMs) in the English language
The special media of language which secure the desirable effect of the utterance are called sty­listicdevices (SD) and expressive means (EM).The types of texts that are distinguished by the prag­matic aspect of the communication are called functional styles (FS).
The first field of investigation, i.e. SDs and EMs touches upon such general language problems as the aesthetic function of language, synonymous ways of rendering one and the same idea, emo­tional coloring in language, the interrelation between language and thought, the individual manner of an author in making use of language and a number of other issues.
The second field, i.e. functional styles, cannot avoid discussion of such most general linguistic issues as oral and written variety of language, the notion of the literary (standard) language, the con­stituents оf texts larger than the sentence, the generative (capable of production or reproduction) aspect of literary texts and some others.
In linguistics there are different terms to denote particular means by which utterances are made more effective and therefore imparting some additional information. They are called expressive means, stylistic means, stylistic markers, stylistic devices, tropes, figures of speech and other names. All these terms are set against those means which we will call neutral. Most linguists distinguish ordinary se­mantic and stylistic differences in meaning. In fact all language means contain meaning-some of them contain generally acknowledged grammatical and lexical meanings, others besides these contain spe­cific meanings which may be called stylistic. Such meanings go alongside primary meanings and are superimposed on them. Stylistic meanings are so to say de-automotized. As is known, the process of automotization, i.e. a speedy and subconscious use of language data, is one of the indispensable ways of making communication easy and quickly decodable. But when a stylistic meaning is involved the process of understanding depends on the ability to decipher this two-fold application of language means.