Экзамен по стилистике Stylistics as a science and style as a main stylistic category

Trochee – хорей (трохей)
Iambus - ямб
Trisyllabic meters are:
Dactyl
Amphibrach
Anapest
Trochee - the foot consists of two syllables. The 1^st is stressed:
‘U
Ex.: Duty, pretty, honey, money, evening, trochee.
Iambus - two syllables, the 1^st is unstressed.
U’
Ex: Mistake, prepare, enjoy, behind, again.
Dactyl - the stress upon the 1^st syllable. The following two ones are unstressed:
‘UU
Ex.: Wonderful, beautiful certainly dignity.
Amphibrach - the stress is on the 2^nd syllable. The first and last ones are unstressed.
U’U
Ex.: umbrella, returning, pretending, continue.
Anapest - the 3^rd syllable is stressed.
UU’
Ex.: Understand, interfere, disagree.
A verse line doesn’t obligatory consists of trochaic or iambic words. A foot can be made up of more than one word.
Ex.: His life. U’
Ex.: Take it. ‘U
We should consider such a notion as scanning which means to emphasize all the syllables that are expected to be stressed according to the metrical pattern. It is often artificial as compared with usual reading. Let us take a quotation from “The Raven” (by E.A. Poe):
Presently my soul grew stronger
hesitating then no longer,
"Sir", said I, "or Madam, truly your forgiveness I implore;
But the fact is I was napping ...
The normal treatment of the 1^st line - ‘UUU’U
It is scanning. - ‘U’U’U’U
The metrical characteristics of a verse line depend on the number of feet in it. A line may consist of one to eight feet. There are special terms for marking the length of the line. For example, we shall take a trochaic line.
Monometer ‘U (1 foot)
Dimeter ‘U’U (2 feet)
Trimeter ‘U’U’U (3 feet)
Tetrameter ‘U’U’U’U (4 feet)
Pentameter ‘U’U’U’U’U (5 feet)
Hexameter ‘U’U’U’U’U’U’ (6 feet)
Septameter ‘U’U’U’U’U’U’U (7 feet)
Octameter ‘U’U’U’U’U’U’U’U’ (8 feet)
In some English poetry the meter is irregular, not only the number of feet in a line, but also the quality may differ. This is called free verse.
Ex.: Arise! Arise! Arise! There is blood on the Earth that denies…ye bread.
Be your wounds like eyes
To weep for the dead the dead the dead.
The 1^sr line is iambic trimester, the 2^nd consists of three dactylic feet plus one iambic foot. Free verse as Galperin says is characterized by:
1. A combination of different metrical feet in the line
2. Absence of similarity
3. Stanza of various length
Even strictly classical meters admit certain variations in stress. Certain stresses are neglected in scanning but distinctly felt in normal reading. In other case on the contrary the scanning stresses certain syllables which are unstressed in normal reading.
Rhyme is the 2^nd feature (after rhythm) distinguishing verse from prose. It denotes a complete or almost complete coincidence of acoustic impression produced by stressed syllables often together with surrounding unstressed syllables. As a rule such syllables don’t immediately follow each other. Rhyme is the repetition of identical or similar terminal sound combination of words. Rhyming words are generally placed at a regular distance from each other. In verse they are usually placed at the end of the corresponding lines.
Rhyme is a characteristic feature of poetry but in prose euphony final sound (ending). With regard to the similarity of sounds we distinguish: full rhymes, imperfect (or incomplete) rhymes. The full rhyme presupposes identity of the vowel sound and the following consonant sounds in a stressed syllable, including the initial consonant of the second syllable (in polysyllabic words), we have exact or identical rhymes.