Emerging Markets How Do Economies Grow?
In spite of a poor rating for economic
Download 259.6 Kb. Pdf ko'rish
|
How Do Economies Grow
In spite of a poor rating for economic
freedom, China has had one of the fastest growing economies of the past 20 years. Another reason for China’s strong performance has been its ability to manage the money supply adroitly to promote growth. According to the Index, governments should simply make sure that the money supply expands with the growth of output—any inflationary spending undermines the efforts of private enterprise. In 1978, however, China began aggressively expanding its money supply at more than 20% annually, a policy that systematically undervalued its currency relative to that of its trading partners. As a result, its exports became even more attractive and its imports all the more beyond the reach of its citizens. The high rate of economic growth that followed from this policy helped to keep the actual rate of inflation relatively low, about 6%. By the Index’s crude rating system, China’s monetary policy was only a moderate infringement on economic freedom! Government’s success in economic development is hardly an Asian phenomenon. The Index argues that Great Britain gained economic supremacy in the nineteenth century when it established its free-trade regime. But its rise took place mainly in the previous century, when, in competition with France and the Netherlands, it relied on a protectionist policy of trade promotion and on forced mobilization of resources. Great Britain dismantled its trade regime after it became the undisputed economic, financial, and industrial leader of the world, not before. Under its new, freer policies, it began its relative economic decline and was slow to take advantage of the newer industries based on chemical and electrical engineering. For all its freedoms, it has performed below average for industrial countries for more than a century— and especially since World War II—as its incomes have fallen below those in most of the rest of Western Europe. It is true that Great Britain began its initial rise to supremacy by freeing up its internal market, a step it took while other sizable countries were divided into regions with their own trade barriers. The Great Britain of the eighteenth century had the largest domestic market in Europe even though its population was less than half of France’s, and that market encouraged a great deal of economic innovation and resourcefulness. The United States followed the same pattern during its ascendance: it combined a free domestic market with sizable tariff barriers until after World War II. Indeed, all the leading industrial powers developed as protectionist regimes in the nineteenth century, whereas countries such as India and Portugal, following free trade regimes, found themselves stripped of industry. As these examples show, different economic freedoms have different weight in promoting growth, and depending on the context, some may well hinder it. For managers seeking opportunities in foreign markets, it would be advisable to rely on a more sophisticated analysis of growth potential than the framework presented in the Index. But even in the tenets of the “new growth theory” that the Index argues for, we can find a clue to the importance of government in economic development. The theory accepts the need for countries to accumulate capital. For new theorists as well as old, that requirement means people need to save and invest. Does more freedom promote more saving? How about banks’ freedom to issue credit cards to teenagers or to offer mortgages with no down payments? It turns out that countries with high savings rates have all relied on one or more forms of forced saving. China, with incomes less than 10% of the level in the United States, has a savings rate of 36% of GDP, or twice as high as America’s. China allows no private ownership of land, home mortgages do not exist, and there is little consumer credit, so citizens with modest incomes must save in order to accumulate the bricks and timbers to build a home—they have no alternative. Much the same has been true for Japan, South Korea, Singapore, and Taiwan, all of which have been among the top savers relative to their incomes. Forced saving doesn’t require a gun or a direct decree, only a lack of consumer credit (because of government controls), high down payments on mortgages (because of controls), and high profits in the private sector (because of the prohibition of real unions). Countries such as Singapore, Malaysia, and, more recently, Chile have supplemented such broad controls with out-and-out forced saving schemes through payroll deduction. Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States, with their free-credit markets, have among the lowest rates of capital accumulation in the world. Freedom may certainly promote saving if citizens believe they will prosper from investing in enterprises, but credit controls can promote growth in appropriate circumstances. Australia has just begun to remedy its low savings rate with a phased-in program of forced saving. That is not to say that we should rely on any government to move a country along to prosperity—the boondoggles of foreign aid surely make that clear. One reason China is growing so fast now is that it started from a very low base of economic production. Eight centuries ago, China probably had the wealthiest and most advanced economy in the world. Power-hungry emperors and bureaucrats, however, suppressed freedoms and failed to protect property rights, pushing the economy into a long period of stagnation. But as important as economic rights are, they aren’t the entire story when it comes to development. If individual companies can use their internal powers of coercion to invest in products with potential for large future returns, why should we be so quick to dismiss similar efforts at the national level? Growth Isn’t Everything In addition to the blind spots in its economic-growth analysis, the Download 259.6 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
Ma'lumotlar bazasi mualliflik huquqi bilan himoyalangan ©fayllar.org 2024
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling